Evacuation exits and paths. Evacuation and emergency exits
In accordance with article 2 of the Technical Regulations on fire safety requirements:
emergency exit - exit leading to the escape route, directly outside or into a safe area;
escape route (escape route) - the path of movement and (or) movement of people, leading directly outside or into a safe area, satisfying the requirements for safe evacuation of people in case of fire;
evacuation - the process of organized independent movement of people directly outside or into a safe area from premises where there is a possibility of impact on people dangerous factors fire.
Evacuation routes in buildings and structures and exits from buildings and structures must ensure the safe evacuation of people. The calculation of evacuation routes and exits is made without taking into account the fire extinguishing means used in them.
Emergency exits from buildings and structures include exits that lead:
1) from the premises of the first floor to the outside:
a) directly;
b) through the corridor;
c) through the lobby (foyer);
d) through the staircase;
e) through the corridor and lobby (foyer);
f) through the corridor, recreational area and staircase;
2) from the premises of any floor, except for the first:
a) directly on the staircase or on the stairs of the 3rd type;
b) into the corridor leading directly to the staircase or to the stairs of the 3rd type;
c) in the hall (foyer), which has an exit directly to the staircase or staircase of the 3rd type;
d) on the operated roof or on a specially equipped section of the roof leading to the stairs of the 3rd type;
3) in adjacent room(except for premises of class F5, categories A and B), located on the same floor and provided with exits specified in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this part. Leaving technical rooms without permanent work places in premises of categories A and B is considered evacuation, if equipment for servicing these fire-hazardous premises is located in technical premises.
1) exits from the basements through common staircases into the vestibule with a separate exit to the outside, separated from the rest of the staircase by a deaf firewall Type 1, located between flights of stairs from the basement floor to the intermediate landing flights of stairs between the first and second floors;
2) exits from basement floors with rooms of categories B4, D and D to rooms of categories B4, D and D and the lobby located on the first floor of buildings of class F5;
3) exits from the lobby, dressing rooms, smoking rooms and sanitary facilities located in the basement or basement floors of buildings of classes F2, FZ and F4, in the lobby of the first floor along separate stairs of the 2nd type;
4) exits from the premises directly to the stairs of the 2nd type, to the corridor or hall (foyer, lobby) leading to such a staircase, subject to the restrictions established regulatory documents fire safety;
5) swing doors in gates intended for the entry (exit) of rail and road transport.
Fire safety requirements for evacuation routes, evacuation and emergency exits are established in Article 89 of the Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements.
Requirements for escape routes and exits from buildings, structures and structures are established in SP 1.13130.2009 Systems fire protection... Evacuation routes and exits.
Fire safety requirements for warning systems and evacuation control systems in case of fires in buildings, structures and structures are established in SP 3.13130.2009 Fire protection systems. A warning and evacuation control system in case of fire. Fire safety requirements.
Operation of evacuation routes and exits
The requirements that must be observed when operating escape routes and exits are established by paragraphs 33-37 of the Rules fire-fighting regime in the Russian Federation, approved by the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 25.04.2012 N 390.
When operating evacuation routes and exits, the head of the organization ensures compliance with design solutions and requirements of regulatory documents on fire safety (including illumination, number, size and space-planning solutions of evacuation routes and exits, as well as the presence of fire safety signs on the escape routes) ...
Locks on the doors of emergency exits must ensure that they can be freely opened from the inside without a key.
When operating evacuation routes, evacuation and emergency exits, it is prohibited (paragraph 36 of the PPR):
a) arrange thresholds on escape routes (with the exception of thresholds in doorways), sliding and lifting and lowering doors and gates, revolving doors and turnstiles, as well as other devices that prevent the free evacuation of people;
b) clutter escape routes and exits (including passages, corridors, vestibules, galleries, elevator halls, staircases, stair flights, doors, escape hatches) various materials, products, equipment, industrial waste, garbage and other items, as well as block the doors of emergency exits;
c) arrange in the vestibules of exits (with the exception of apartments and individual residential buildings) dryers and hangers for clothes, wardrobes, as well as store (including temporarily) inventory and materials;
d) fix self-closing doors of staircases, corridors, halls and vestibules in open position(if for these purposes devices that are automatically triggered in the event of a fire are not used), as well as remove them;
e) close the blinds or glaze the passages of air zones in smoke-free staircases;
f) replace the reinforced glass with the usual one in the glazing of doors and transoms.
g) change the direction of opening doors, with the exception of doors, the opening of which is not standardized or to which other requirements are imposed in accordance with regulatory legal acts.
The head of the organization, when placing technological, exhibition and other equipment in the premises, ensures the availability of passages to the evacuation routes and emergency exits.
Escape routes and emergency exits are marked with fire safety signs.
Fire safety requirements for escape routes
The importance of studying this topic lies in the fact that every year the situation with fires becomes more complicated. Every year in the country there are about 300 thousand fires, in which more than 15 thousand people die and almost the same number are injured and mutilated. The relative indicators of people killed in fires are several times higher than those of developed foreign countries. The damage from the fires that have occurred increases every year.
So on February 23, 1991, a fire broke out in St. Petersburg in the fifteen-storey building of the Leningrad Hotel. The fire killed 15 people, including 9 workers fire department... What is the reason for this tragedy? There are several reasons for this. The hotel building did not respond modern requirements fire safety. Despite the fact that the hotel was designed and built not so long ago (the first stage was commissioned in 1970), nevertheless, the corridors on the floors did not have a smoke exhaust system, the central staircase near the passenger elevators was open to the full height of the building (without the currently required backwater air in case of fire), corridors and elevator halls, along with staircases, were covered with combustible synthetic carpets, and a host of other violations, which together caused the fire to spread freely over large areas and contributed to the death of people. As can be seen from the above facts of violation of fire safety rules, most of them could be solved at the design stage.
There are many other examples of fires that occurred not only in our country, but also abroad, as a result of which there was not only great material damage, but also massive loss of life. For example, the tragic fire in Moscow at the Rossiya hotel on 24.02.77, as a result of which more than 40 people died. A significant role in the rapid development of the fire and such tragic consequences was played by polymeric materials used in the decoration of premises, in particular, synthetic carpets and other violations of fire safety rules.
Unsatisfactory solution of structural and planning decisions and organizational arrangements to protect people, especially in buildings with their mass presence, in case of fire can lead to large casualties. Examples of such fires include the following:
1923 - 583 people died in a theater in Chicago (USA);
1937 - 700 people died in a theater in Antung (China);
1948 - 89 people were killed in a cinema in Rueil (France);
1960 - 152 people died in a cinema in Amund (Syria);
1961 - 350 people, 600 people died in the circus in Nikteroy (Brazil). received burns and injuries;
1967 - 142 people were killed in a dance hall in Saint Laurent du Pins (France);
1974 - at a hotel in Seoul ( South Korea) killed 154 people.
You may have watched the documentary "Hell in the Sky" about the fire in the 25-storey office building "Joelma", which took place on 02/01/1974 in the Brazilian city of São Paulo. Within a short time after the outbreak of a fire on the 12th floor (from the ignition of the air conditioner installed in the window), not only the office premises of several floors of the building were engulfed in fire, for the decoration of which the builders did not regret modern polymer materials, but also the cladding of the facade and the roof of the building. This led to a painful death in the fire, high temperature and the toxic smoke of many people in full view of the firefighters and crowds of people who practically could not do anything to save them, although they used all the forces and means for this. The fire lasted more than 4 hours. The fire killed 179 people, injured 300 people. 14 of the 25 floors of the building were completely burned out.
A fire in the building of the Samara Department of Internal Affairs claimed the lives of 87 people, a fire in the video salon of the city of Tavda, Sverdlovsk region, killed 12 people, in the production building of the correctional institution in Nizhny Tagil, 9 people, and a children's sanatorium in Polevskoy, 7 people. There are many such examples of tragedies.
In order to competently carry out work to prevent a fire from occurring, to ensure the safety of people and the safety of material assets in the event of a fire, as well as to effectively rescue people in case of fire and competently extinguish fires. It is your responsibility to embrace the latest advances in fire prevention and suppression. This makes it possible with minimal cost forces and means to successfully solve the problems of ensuring fire safety of objects of various functional fire hazard during their construction, reconstruction and operation.
Evacuation process
The movement of people occurs in all rooms of buildings and structures associated with a person's stay in them. To ensure the movement of people in buildings, communication rooms and other special devices are provided: passages between equipment, entrances and exits, corridors, stairs, lobbies, foyers, lobbies, etc.
Communication rooms in buildings occupy a significant area, in some cases, 30% or more of the working area of the building. For a larger group of buildings and structures, the movement of people is the main functional process and a rational volumetric process depends on its correct organization. planning solution buildings.
Special meaning acquires the movement of people during a fire in a building, an accident or any natural disaster. In this case, the life of people depends on the correct organization of movement and the state of the communication premises. Since the outbreak of a fire is assigned to any room, accounting for emergency evacuation of people is mandatory for any room and a building or structure as a whole.
In order to properly and fully carry out checks of the state of escape routes, to propose competent, effective solutions to eliminate deficiencies, it is necessary to analyze the likelihood of exposure of people to hazardous fire factors, to predict their behavior in a fire and the duration of evacuation. Determine the main directions of protecting people from the consequences of a fire, and know the specific fire safety requirements in these areas. Control over ensuring the safety of people in the event of a fire is also complicated due to the fact that it must be carried out constantly: at the design, construction and operation stages.
The evacuation of people from a building in the event of a fire is a process of an orderly independent movement of people from rooms in which exposure to dangerous fire factors is possible.
According to GOST 12.1.004-91 * “SSBT. Fire safety. General requirements»The safety of people in the event of a fire must be guaranteed in all cases and regardless of economic considerations. It is achieved by constructive and space-planning solutions aimed at isolating smoke sources and creating conditions for the unimpeded movement of people during evacuation, limiting the use of combustible finishing materials on the escape routes.
The direction of work to prevent the death of people in fires is one of the main in the activities of the fire protection authorities. In the event of a fire, the arrived fire departments are engaged in rescuing people (the task of fire tactics), and the development of constructive - planning, technical and organizational solutions is a task fire prevention.
But GOST 12.1.004-91 * requires that “ acceptable level fire hazard for people should be no more than 10 -6 exposure to hazardous fire factors exceeding the maximum permissible values per year per person. " Consequently, statistics show that in our country the actual level of fire hazard for people exceeds the standard level by more than 1000 times. Therefore, today, as thousands of years ago, evacuation remains a natural way for people to save themselves in today's emergencies.
Determination of the number and size of escape routes and exits
It should also be borne in mind that the danger increases with panic and its processes, with the desire of people to take measures to extinguish a fire and with a delay in the danger zone, with mistakes in the actions of the administration and other persons in organizing the evacuation of people.
Evacuation exits from the premises, from the floor and from the building should be so much and so wide that all people in the event of a fire can leave the premises, floor, building before the onset of hazardous factors of the fire. The movement of people from premises and buildings in the event of a fire or accident is called emergency or forced evacuation.
The movement of people is considered as an important functional process characteristic of buildings of any purpose. Movement happens:
1) single;
2) mass;
3) disorderly (in different directions);
4) in-line;
5) free (at any time you can change the speed and direction of movement without disturbing anyone);
6) cramped (individual freedom is limited by a moving stream);
7) short-term;
8) long-term;
9) normal (including comfortable);
10) forced (emergency).
Each type of movement has its own characteristics, which are taken into account in one way or another in the design and operation of buildings. Firefighters are primarily interested in forced movement (i.e. evacuation of people) from individual rooms and buildings in general.
According to GOST 12.1.033-81 “Fire safety. Terms and definitions ”, evacuation of people in case of fire is a forced process of movement of people from an area where there is a possibility of exposure to hazardous factors of fire.
Under normal conditions, traffic in aisles, corridors and staircases is regulated by the reasonable will of the people in a courteous manner and in conditions of relative comfort. The psychological factor prevails over the physical, the movement of people is carried out in any direction, it can be slowed down or suspended if necessary. The density of human flows in the aisles and the movement speeds corresponding to these densities are basically arbitrary values and can fluctuate over a wide range.
In conditions emergency(in case of fire) human safety depends on the time of his stay in the room or building where the fire occurred. The process of evacuating people in these conditions has its own characteristics and is characterized by the following:
The evacuation process begins simultaneously and is carried out in the direction of the exit from the room or building;
Creation of human flows with a sufficiently high density;
Manifestation separate part evacuating physical efforts to speed up the movement process. The resultant pressure in places of movement retardation can reach significant values, as a result of which mechanical damage to human bodies is possible;
The short duration of the evacuation process;
The possibility of panic in case of improper organization of evacuation.
The emergence of panic in public and industrial buildings with a massive presence of people presupposes a combination of circumstances in which at the same time there are: a source of danger, an unsatisfactory design and planning solution of places mass stay people and complete unpreparedness and ill-considered organizational measures by the administration in case of evacuation of people in case of fires.
Panic can be prevented by design and planning solutions for evacuation routes and emergency exits, moral psychological impact, as well as premeditated actions of the administration of objects. Panic can also arise when there is no real threat to life. Shouting "Fire" can have the same effect on a mass of people as a real fire. Well-thought-out solutions for organizing the evacuation of people, even in the presence of a real danger, prevents panic.
Quite different reasons underlie the third category of cases. The emergence of a "crush" during the evacuation, also taken as a sign of panic, in fact indicates an insufficient capacity of evacuation routes and exits.
Thus, the observed occurrence of a crush is not the result of panic among the evacuated people, but the result of improperly designed evacuation routes that do not ensure the unhindered movement of the human streams formed during the evacuation.
Types of escape routes and exits
The movement of people occurs in all rooms of buildings and structures associated with a person's stay in them. To ensure the movement of people in buildings, communication rooms and other special devices are provided: passages between equipment, entrances and exits, corridors, stairs, lobbies, foyers, lobbies, etc.
Communication rooms in buildings occupy a significant area, in some cases, 30% or more of the working area of the building. For a larger group of buildings and structures, the movement of people is the main functional process and a rational space-planning solution of buildings depends on its correct organization. Of particular importance is the movement of people during a fire in a building, an accident or any natural disaster.
In this case, the life of people depends on the correct organization of movement and the state of the communication premises. Since the occurrence of a fire is possible in any room, accounting for emergency evacuation of people is mandatory for any room and a building or structure as a whole.
Thus, the creation of optimal conditions for the implementation of functional processes corresponding to the purpose of a building or room requires taking into account the movement of people, both in the conditions of normal operation of the building and during its emergency evacuation.
According to clause 4.1 of SNiP 21-01-97 *, buildings must provide for structural, space-planning and engineering solutions that provide in the event of a fire:
The possibility of evacuating people, regardless of their age and physical condition, outside to the territory adjacent to the building before the onset of a threat to their life and health due to the impact of dangerous fire factors;
The ability to save people;
Possibility of access for personnel of fire departments and supply of fire extinguishing means to the fire site, as well as taking measures to save people and material values.
The main design solutions aimed at the possibility of ensuring these measures are evacuation and emergency routes and exits.
Evacuation and emergency exits
In a forced evacuation, the streams of people should be directed to those openings in the walls, to those corridors (passages), to those doors that lead directly to the exit from the premises and buildings. Therefore, not every opening, corridor, staircase can be considered evacuation.
Evacuation routes and exits must ensure the timely removal of people from the source of danger outside the building or structure, in which a fire or accident may occur, within a certain time. Protection of people on the escape routes is ensured by space-planning, constructive, engineering and technical solutions aimed at reducing the time from the outbreak of a fire to the exit of people outside and at increasing the time from the outbreak of a fire to the appearance of hazardous fire factors on the escape routes. The safety of escape routes should be ensured based on the functional fire hazard of buildings and premises.
An evacuation exit is an exit leading to an escape route, directly outside or into a safe area.
An emergency exit is an exit - a door, hatch or other exit that leads to an escape route, directly outside or to a safe area, is used as an additional exit for rescuing people, but is not taken into account when assessing the conformity of the required number and size of escape routes and emergency exits and which satisfy requirements for safe evacuation of people in case of fire.
Article 89 Federal law dated July 22, 2008 No. 123-FZ "Technical regulations on fire safety requirements" makes certain requirements for exits from premises, which can be considered evacuation.
Such outputs should lead:
a) from the premises of the first floor to the outside:
directly;
across the corridor;
through the lobby (foyer);
through the staircase;
through the corridor and lobby (foyer);
through the corridor, recreational area and staircase;
directly into the stairwell or on the stairs of the 3rd type;
to the corridor leading directly to the staircase or to the stairs of the 3rd type;
to the hall (foyer), which has an exit directly to the staircase or to the staircase of the 3rd type;
to an exploited roof or a specially equipped roof section leading to a staircase of the 3rd type;
(including through the hall), which has an exit directly outside or through the lobby, separate from adjacent premises partitions with doors;
Evacuation exits from basements and basement floors, which are evacuation, as a rule, should be provided directly outside, separated from the general stairwells of the building. However, the norms allow for the possibility of arranging evacuation exits from the basements through common staircases with a separate exit to the outside, separated from the rest of the staircase by a deaf fire-prevention partition of the 1st type. Evacuation exits are considered to be exits from the basement and basement floors with rooms of categories B4, D and D to rooms of categories B4, D and D and the lobby located on the first floor of class F5 buildings. It is also possible to provide exits from the foyer, dressing rooms, smoking rooms and toilets located in the basements or basements of buildings of classes F2, F3 and F4 to the first floor via separate stairs of the 2nd type.
Evacuation exits from the basement and basement floors should be provided in such a way that they lead directly outside and are isolated from the general staircases of a building, structure, structure, except for cases established by the Technical Regulations on fire safety requirements.
Evacuation exits are also considered:
a) exits from the basements through common staircases into the vestibule with a separate exit to the outside, separated from the rest of the staircase by a deaf fire-prevention partition of the 1st type, located between the flights of stairs from the basement floor to the intermediate landing of the staircases between the first and second floors;
b) exits from the basement and basement floors with rooms of categories B4, D and D to rooms of categories B4, D and D and the lobby located on the first floor of class F5 buildings;
c) exits from the foyer, dressing rooms, smoking and sanitary rooms located in the basement or basement floors of buildings of classes F2, FZ and F4, to the lobby of the first floor via separate stairs of the 2nd type;
d) exits from the premises directly to the stairs of the 2nd type, to the corridor or hall (foyer, lobby) leading to such a staircase, subject to the restrictions established by fire safety regulations;
e) swing doors in gates intended for the entry (exit) of rail and road transport.
Exits that do not meet the requirements for emergency exits can be considered emergency and provided to increase the safety of people in the event of a fire. Emergency exits are not included in the evacuation in the event of a fire. Such exits include all exits that do not meet the requirements for evacuation exits, as well as:
exit to open balcony or a loggia with piers of at least 1.2 m from the end of the balcony (loggia) to the window opening (glazed door) or at least 1.6 m between the glazed openings overlooking the balcony (loggia);
exit to the passage with a width of at least 0.6 m, leading to an adjacent section of a building of class F1.3 or to an adjacent fire compartment;
access to a balcony or loggia, equipped with an external staircase connecting the balconies or loggias by floor;
exit directly outside from rooms with a clean floor mark of at least 4.5 m and not higher than +5.0 m through a window or door with dimensions of at least 0.75x1.5 m, as well as through a hatch with dimensions of at least 0.6x0.8 m ... In this case, the exit through the pit must be equipped with a ladder in the pit, and the exit through the hatch must be equipped with a ladder in the room. The slope of these stairs is not standardized;
access to the roof of the building of I, II, III degrees of fire resistance of classes C0 and C1 through a window, door with a size of at least 0.75x1.5 m, as well as through a hatch with a size of at least 0.6x0.8 m along a vertical or inclined staircase.
the door of the elevator shaft, which has a mode of transportation of fire brigades.
Evacuation route (evacuation route) - a path of movement and (or) movement of people leading directly outside or to a safe area, which meets the requirements for safe evacuation of people in case of fire.
Evacuation routes should not include elevators, escalators, as well as sections leading:
through corridors with exits from elevator shafts, through elevator halls and vestibules in front of elevators, if the enclosing structures of elevator shafts, including elevator shaft doors, do not meet the requirements for fire barriers;
through the stairwells, if the landing of the staircase is part of the corridor, as well as through the room in which the staircase of the 2nd type is located, which is not an evacuation;
on the roof of buildings, structures and structures, with the exception of an exploited roof or a specially equipped roof section, similar to an exploited roof in structure;
on stairs of the 2nd type, connecting more than two floors (tiers), as well as leading from the basements and from the basement floors;
on stairs and staircases for communication between underground and aboveground floors, except for the cases specified in parts 3-5 of this article.
The main regulatory documents on the basis of which requirements are imposed on escape routes and exits are Article 89 of the Federal Law of July 22, 2008 No. 123-FZ "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements", SP 1.13130.2009 "Fire Protection Systems. Evacuation routes and exits ”. Fire resistance of structures on escape routes (walls of staircases, staircases, platforms, kosour) is determined by table 21 of the Technical Regulations on fire safety requirements.
The admissibility of finishing walls, ceilings in common corridors, flooring from combustible materials with combustible materials is determined by clause 4.3.2 of SP 1.13130.2009. In particular, in buildings of all degrees of fire resistance and classes of constructive fire hazard, except for buildings of the V degree of fire resistance on escape routes, it is not allowed to use materials with a higher fire hazard than:
G1, B1, D2, T2 - for finishing walls, ceilings and filling false ceilings in lobbies, stairwells, elevator halls;
G2, B2, D3, T3 or G2, B3, D2, T2 - for finishing walls, ceilings and filling suspended ceilings in common corridors, halls and foyers;
G2, RP2, D2, T2 - for floor coverings in lobbies, staircases, elevator halls;
B2, RP2, D3, T2 - for floor coverings in common corridors, halls and foyers.
Suspended ceiling frames in rooms and on escape routes should be made of non-combustible materials.
The standardization of the number and size of evacuation exits and the size of evacuation routes is aimed at ensuring that the evacuation process is short-lived and ends before there is a danger to human health and life.
When designing emergency exits and routes, the following conditions security:
1. The actual length of the escape routes should not exceed the required one:
2. The actual width of the evacuation exits must not be less than the required one:
δ f> δ tr.
3. The actual number of emergency exits must not be less than the minimum number of exits required by the norms:
4. The width of the evacuation exit should be between the minimum and maximum permissible dimensions:
If the safety conditions are met, then the dimensions of escape routes and exits and their number are set correctly and the design solutions comply with the requirements of the design standards. If at least one of the safety conditions is not met, the project does not ensure the safety of people and needs to be revised.
To check compliance with safety conditions, it is necessary to be able to determine the values L f, L tr, δ f, δ tr, n f, n tr, δ min, δ max.
The number and width of evacuation exits from premises, from floors and from buildings are determined depending on the maximum possible number of people evacuated through them and the maximum permissible distance from the most remote place of possible stay of people (workplace) to the nearest emergency exit.
To ensure the safe evacuation of people in the event of a fire, the norms establish the number of evacuation exits and their width, depending on the number of people and the functional fire hazard of the premises.
According to the requirements of SP 1.13130.2009, at least two emergency exits must have:
Premises of class F1.1, designed for the simultaneous stay of more than 10 people,
basement and ground floor rooms designed for the simultaneous stay of more than 15 people; in the premises of the basement and basement floors, intended for the simultaneous stay of 6 to 15 people, one of the two exits may be provided directly outside the premises with a clean floor not lower than 4.5 meters and not higher than 5 meters through a window or door not less than 0.75x1.5 meters, as well as through a hatch with a size of at least 0.6x0.8 meters;
premises intended for the simultaneous stay of more than 50 people;
premises of class F5 of categories A and B with the number of employees in the most numerous shift of more than 5 people, category C - more than 25 people. or with an area of more than 1000 m 2;
open shelves and platforms in class F5 rooms, intended for equipment maintenance, with a tier floor area of more than 100 m 2 - for rooms of categories A and B and more than 400 m 2 - for rooms of other categories.
In general, according to the Technical Regulations on fire safety requirements, the number of emergency exits from the premises should be set depending on the maximum permissible distance from the most distant point (workplace) to the nearest emergency exit.
According to the requirements of SP 1.13130.2009, at least two emergency exits must have floors of buildings of the following class:
H1.1; H1.2; F2.1; F2.2; F3; F4;
H1.3 at total area apartments on the floor, and for section-type buildings - on the section floor - more than 500 m 2; with a smaller area (with one emergency exit from the floor), each apartment located at a height of more than 15 m, in addition to the emergency exit, must have an emergency exit.
F5 categories A and B with the number of workers in the most numerous shift more than 5 people, category C - 25 people.
At least two evacuation exits must have basement and basement floors with an area of more than 300 m 2 or intended for the simultaneous stay of more than 15 people.
In buildings with a height of no more than 15 m, it is allowed to provide one emergency exit from the floor (or from a part of the floor separated from other parts of the floor by fire barriers) of functional fire hazard class F1.2; Ф3 and Ф4.3 with an area of no more than 300 m 2 with a population of no more than 20 people. and when equipping the exit to the staircase with doors of the 2nd type (according to table 24 of the annex to the Technical Regulations).
SP 1.13130.2009 p. 4.2.4. If there are two or more emergency exits, they should be dispersed (with the exception of exits from corridors to smoke-free staircases). The minimum distance L, m, between the most distant one from the other evacuation exits should be determined by the formulas:
from the room - L 1.5 R / ( n -1)
from the corridor - L 0.33 D / ( n -1)
where P - the perimeter of the room, m;
D - corridor length, m;
n - the number of emergency exits.
SP 1.13130.2009 p. 4.2.6. Doors on escape routes must open in the direction of door opening, except for:
premises of class F1.3 and 1.4;
premises with a simultaneous stay of no more than 15 people, except for premises of category A and B;
storerooms with an area of no more than 200m. sq.;
sanitary facilities;
exit to the landings of stairs of the 3rd type;
exterior doors of buildings located in the northern construction climatic zone.
The doors of staircases leading to common corridors, doors of lift halls and vestibules should be equipped with devices for self-closing and sealing in the vestibules.
Experimental studies have shown that doors cannot be made too narrow or too wide, as this violates safety requirements. At the limiting flow densities typical for evacuation, the process of movement through the opening changes qualitatively. The crushed bodies of people lingering in front of the opening form an "arch", the steepness of which is the greater, the smaller the opening width.
When the width of the doorway is 0.8 m or less, movement may be suspended due to the formation of an "arch", the steepness of which is so significant that the "arch" cannot be pushed through. When the width of the openings is from 0.8 m to 1.2 m, the movement is of a pulsating nature: the breakthroughs of people from the resulting "arch" into the opening alternate with periods lasting several seconds, during which there is no movement. With an opening width of 1.2 m, the "arch" is easily destroyed, the movement occurs with variable intensity, but without stopping. With an opening width of 1.5-1.6 m, the "arch" does not form at all, the movement occurs evenly. Such a movement was observed with a further increase in the width of the doorways to 2.4 m, however, with the width of the openings and stairs over 2.4 m, the movement became unstable, accompanied by the fall of people. These research results were taken into account in the development of design codes.
SP 1.13130.2009 p. 4.3.4. The height of the horizontal sections of the escape routes in the clear must be at least 2 m, the width of the horizontal sections of the escape routes and ramps must be at least:
0.7 m - for passages to single workplaces;
1.0 m - in all other cases.
In any case, evacuation routes should be of such width that, taking into account their geometry, it would be possible to carry a stretcher with a person lying on them without hindrance.
According to SP 1.13130.2009, the clear width of emergency exits must be at least:
1.2 m - from premises of class F1.1 with the number of evacuees exceeding 15 people; from premises and buildings of other classes of functional fire hazard - more than 50 people (except for class F1.3);
0.8 m - in all other cases.
In all cases, the width of the evacuation exit should be such that, taking into account the geometry of the evacuation route, through the opening or door, it would be possible to freely carry a stretcher with a person lying on it.
SP 1.13130.2009 clause 3.4.1. The width of the flight of the stairs intended for the evacuation of people, including those located in the staircase, must be no less than the calculated one or no less than the width of any escape exit (door) to it, but, as a rule, no less than:
a) 1.35 m - for buildings of class F1.1;
b) 1.2 m - for buildings with more than 200 people on any floor except the first;
c) 0.7 m - for stairs leading to single workplaces;
d) 0.9 m - for all other cases.
Currently, there are two principles of rationing the width of evacuation routes and exits and the length of the evacuation routes.
In accordance with the first principle, the dimensions of the escape routes are determined by calculation based on the required evacuation time. This principle is scientific, objective, optimal, as it takes into account most of the factors affecting the evacuation process. The disadvantage is the complexity of the calculations.
In accordance with the second principle, ready-made standards are given in the design standards in the form of numbers (the length of the escape routes L tr). Calculation of these values is not required, they are relatively easy to determine from the tables of norms.
SP 1.13130.2009 p. 4.3.4. In the presence of two emergency exits and more general throughput all exits, except for each one of them, must ensure the safe evacuation of all people in the room, on the floor or in the building.
calc. = N // (n-1);
where n is the number of outputs
N - the number of people in the room, on the floor, in the building;
The number of people per 1m of width of the emergency exit (door) is determined depending on the purpose of the building according to SP 1.13130.2009.
The number of emergency exits from the premises should be set depending on the maximum permissible distance from the most distant point (workplace) to the nearest emergency exit.
For example, the maximum permissible distance from the most distant point of the room (for buildings, structures and structures of class F5 - from the most distant workplace) to the nearest emergency exit, measured along the axis of the escape route, is set depending on the functional fire hazard class and the category of the room, building , structures and structures for explosion and fire hazard, the number of evacuees, the geometric parameters of the premises and escape routes, the class of constructive fire hazard and the degree of fire resistance of the building, structure and structure and is determined according to clause 9.2.7 tab. 29 SP 1.13130.2009.
The maximum permissible distances from the most remote premises to the nearest evacuation exit to the outside or to the staircase should be taken according to SP 1.13130.2009, depending on the purpose of the building.
SP 1.13130.2009 p. 4.3.4. In the floor on the escape routes, height differences less than 45 cm and protrusions are not allowed, with the exception of thresholds in doorways. In places where there is a difference in height, stairs with a number of steps of at least three or ramps with a slope of at least 1: 6 should be provided.
SP 1.13130.2009 p. 4.3.3. In common corridors, it is not allowed to place equipment protruding from the plane of the wall at a height of less than 2 m, pipelines with flammable liquids and gases, as well as built-in cabinets, except for cabinets for communications and fire hydrants.
Common corridors should be divided by type 2 fire partitions into sections longer than 60 cm.
In buildings with a height of up to 28 m, inclusive, in ordinary stairwells, it is allowed to provide garbage chutes and electrical wiring for lighting the premises.
SP 1.13130.2009 p. 4.4.6. Stairwells should have an exit to the area adjacent to the building directly or through the lobby, separated from the adjoining corridors by partitions with doors. When arranging emergency exits from two staircases through a common lobby, one of them, in addition to entering the lobby, must have an exit directly outside.
SP 1.13130.2009 p. 4.4.2. The slope of stairs on escape routes should be no more than 1: 1, the width of the tread should be no less than 25 cm, and the height of the step should be no more than 22 cm.
Parts of the building of various functional fire hazards are separated by fire barriers and must be provided with independent evacuation exits.
In buildings, provide a fire warning system in accordance with NPB 104-03.
Thus:
The main task of fire prevention is to provide conditions for the safe evacuation of people in buildings. for various purposes;
The main regulatory documents on the basis of which requirements are imposed on escape routes and exits are Article 89 of the Federal Law of July 22, 2008 No. 123-FZ "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements", SP 1.13130.2009 "Fire Protection Systems";
The number of evacuation exits from buildings, premises and from each floor of buildings are taken by calculation, but not less than two;
The maximum permissible distance from the most distant workplace to the nearest emergency exit, the maximum distance from the door of the most distant room to the nearest exit to the outside or to the staircase, the width of escape routes and exits are determined depending on the purpose of the building according to SP 1.13130.2009.
Key issues:
What is needed for a safe evacuation?
How to prevent panic during evacuation?
In what order should the evacuation take place?
What is needed for a safe evacuation
More than 140,000 fires occur in Russia every year, killing tens of thousands of people. This situation has arisen due to the fact that on individual sites fire safety is not provided. Employers poorly fulfill the requirements of Federal Law No. 69-FZ of December 21, 1994 "On Fire Safety" and the Fire Safety Regulations in Russia1. In these documents, as well as in the Federal Law of July 22, 2008 No. 123-FZ "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements", special attention is paid to ways to protect people and property from fire, in particular, the correct organization of evacuation.
In accordance with GOST 12.1.004-912, each object must have such a space-planning and technical performance so that the evacuation of people could be completed before the onset of the maximum permissible values of hazardous fire factors, and if evacuation is impractical, the protection of people at the facility would be ensured.
To ensure evacuation, you must:
Establish the number, dimensions and corresponding design of escape routes and exits;
- to ensure the possibility of unimpeded movement of people along evacuation routes;
- organize, if necessary, control of the movement of people along escape routes (light indicators, sound and voice notification, etc.).
Warns
Ksenia EISENBERG, expert on special assessment working conditions EcoStandard group (Moscow)
For any building, it is necessary to calculate the evacuation time depending on its design features, the number of human flows, the time of their movement, etc. Evacuation will be safe if the time from the moment a fire is detected to the completion of the evacuation does not exceed the required estimated time of evacuation.
Actions in the event of a fire depend on the phase of the fire. The main ones are shown in the table.
Table. Fire phases and actions during them
How to avoid panic during evacuation
A fire can be accompanied by a power outage. For many people, the instinct of self-preservation is triggered in the dark, panic arises. When thick smoke appears, visibility is drastically reduced. This makes it difficult to evacuate the hazardous premises. It is important that on each floor where more than 10 people work, there is an evacuation plan and fire safety signs to help people find their way.
With a loss of visibility, the organized movement is disrupted, it becomes chaotic. It is because of panic that the number of victims in a fire increases significantly: there is a crush in the corridors and doorways, people injure each other. Therefore, it is important to conduct regular briefings with staff and teach how to behave in a crowd. This is especially true for employees medical institutions, large industrial and commercial facilities, which are characterized by a mass gathering of people.
In addition to briefings, it is necessary to conduct evacuation trainings with employees, as close as possible to possible real situations. Only training will teach employees to make decisions quickly and clearly and take actions to prevent dangerous consequences in case of fire and other emergency.
Evacuation training takes place on the orders of the supervisor according to the training plan.
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In what order should the evacuation take place
If a fire is detected, you must immediately call firefighters and rescuers by phone 101 or 112. Calling to number 112 is possible from mobile phone even without a SIM card. You need to provide the exact address and floor and, if possible, send someone to meet the unit.
The fire spread is very high. Therefore, you need to close the door to the room where the fire is located. It is necessary to report the fire to the head of the organization and start evacuating in accordance with the evacuation plan, which should be on each floor. In case of strong smoke, respiratory protection against carbon monoxide should be used: cotton-gauze bandages, handkerchiefs moistened with water.
The evacuation plan is reviewed annually. For this, an order of the head is issued, which appoints the persons responsible for carrying out the evacuation. In order to prevent panic, the announcement of the beginning of the evacuation should not contain the words "fire", "accident". It should be announced that, for technical reasons, the administration is asking workers and visitors to leave the premises.
Upon hearing the alarm about a fire, people should immediately leave the building and gather in the street. The meeting place is determined in advance, usually a site near the building. If a person left the building unnoticed, he must definitely inform the people in the yard about himself in order to avoid unnecessary searches.
Answers to your questions
Is one escape ladder enough for a safe evacuation?
Is one escape ladder sufficient for safe evacuation in the event of a fire?
Kristina BEREZNINA, labor protection and fire safety specialist (Lipetsk)
Safe evacuation in case of fire is considered to be ensured if the time from the moment of detection of the fire to the completion of the evacuation does not exceed the estimated time of evacuation3. It is necessary to determine this time, and only after that it will become clear whether one ladder is enough for evacuation or not.
With whom do you need to agree on an evacuation plan?
We have developed a fire evacuation plan for our organization. With whom do you need to agree on it?
Oleg PANIN, Deputy Technical Director (Moscow)
The evacuation plan must be approved by the head of your organization. It is not required to coordinate it with the state fire supervision authorities.
Where should fire extinguishers be placed?
How far from a possible fire site should fire extinguishers be located?
Elena KOMKINA, labor protection specialist (Novosibirsk)
The distance from a potential fire source to the location of fire extinguishers should not exceed (Clause 474 of the Rules for the fire regime in Russia (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 25, 2012 No. 390):
20 meters - for public buildings and structures;
30 meters - for premises of category A, B, C in terms of explosion and fire hazard;
40 meters - for rooms of category G;
70 meters - for rooms of category D.
Most Necessary Regulations
Remember the main thing:
1 Any object must be planned and technically executed so that evacuation in case of fire occurs as quickly as possible.
2 The building must have sufficient escape routes and exits to allow easy movement.
3 Evacuation routes should be equipped with light indicators, sound and voice alerts so that people quickly leave a burning building.
4 To prevent panic in the event of a fire, workers need to be given regular briefings and evacuation drills.
Alexander DANILENKO, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Head of the Training Center of the All-Russian Voluntary Fire Society (Moscow)
Evacuation of people in case of fire- this is a forced process of organized independent movement of people directly outside or into a safe area from premises where exposure to hazardous fire factors (FF) is possible, or in the event of an immediate threat of this impact. Evacuation is also considered the involuntary movement of people belonging to low-mobility groups of the population, carried out with the help of service personnel, fire brigade personnel and other persons, including the use of life-saving equipment and personal protective equipment.
Evacuation is carried out by evacuation routes through the evacuation exits specified in the fire evacuation plan.
Each building and structure must have space-planning solutions and design designs for evacuation routes that ensure safe evacuation of people in case of fire. If it is impossible to safely evacuate people, their protection must be ensured through the use of collective protection systems.
Particular attention is paid to the timely evacuation of people in case of fire or other natural disaster from places of their mass stay (medical, health-improving, cultural and entertainment, educational organizations, objects of trade and public catering, etc.). For the evacuation of people with reduced mobility from all floors of buildings, it is allowed to provide on the floors near the elevators intended for groups of the population with limited mobility, and (or) on the stairwells, the device of safe zones in which they can be until the arrival of rescue units. At the same time, the same requirements are imposed on these elevators as for elevators for transporting fire brigade units. Such elevators can be used to rescue people with reduced mobility during a fire.
The leaders of the organization and extinguishing the fire, as well as the persons carrying out rescue work, are obliged to shortest time, depending on the situation and condition of people, organize and carry out their evacuation from the premises, taking measures to prevent panic. If, upon arrival at the fire, the evacuation of people proceeds calmly, the RTP takes measures to completely remove them from the premises, attracting maintenance personnel for this purpose. In these cases, the main forces and means of subunits are used to rescue people from smoky premises and to extinguish a fire. If there is a real threat to people and the escape routes are cut off by fire and smoke, the RTP introduces all the main forces and means to protect the evacuation routes and carry out rescue operations. First of all, people are evacuated from places where the rapid penetration of combustion products and a sharp increase in temperature are possible. To suppress panic, they use electric megaphones and other means of sound communication, and also serve fire nozzles for extinguishing visible to people fire centers. The main and alternate evacuation routes can be used to introduce the forces and means of fire protection to extinguish in the absence of people in the premises or after the end of their evacuation.
Safe evacuation of people from buildings and structures in the event of a fire is considered to be ensured if the time interval from the moment a fire is detected to the completion of the process of evacuating people to a safe area does not exceed the required time for evacuating people in case of fire.
Sources: Federal Law of the Russian Federation of July 22, 2008 No. 123-FZ "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements" (as amended by Federal Law No. 160-FZ of June 23, 2014); GOST 12.1.004–91 * SSBT. Fire safety. General requirements; Fire tactics. Povzik Ya.S., Klyus P.P., Matveykin A.M. –M., 1990.
Evacuation (clause 6.2 of SNiP 21-01-98) is a process of organized independent movement of people out of the premises, in which there is a possibility of exposure to dangerous fire factors. Evacuation should also be considered the involuntary movement of people belonging to low-mobility groups of the population, carried out by service personnel. Evacuation is carried out along the evacuation routes through evacuation exits.
Evacuation of people in case of fire (GOST 12.1.033-81 *) forced process of movement of people from an area where there is a possibility of exposure to hazardous fire factors
Rescue (clause 6.3 of SNiP 21-01-98) is the forced movement of people outward when exposed to dangerous fire factors or when there is an immediate threat of this impact. Rescue is carried out independently, with the help of fire departments or specially trained personnel, including the use of rescue equipment, through evacuation and emergency exits.
An evacuation route is a sequence of communication sections leading from places where people are staying to a safe area. Such a path should be protected by the required standards by a complex of space-planning, ergonomic, constructive and engineering solutions, as well as organizational measures.
Evacuation exit - exit to the escape route leading to a safe area in case of fire and meeting safety requirements.
Measures to ensure the protection of escape routes.
· Space-planning: the shortest distances to emergency exits, their sufficient width, isolation of escape routes from fire and explosive rooms, the ability to move to several emergency exits.
· Ergonomic: assignment of the sizes of escape routes and exits that correspond to the anthropometric dimensions of people, the peculiarities of their movement, rationing of efforts when opening doors.
· Constructive: strength, stability and reliability of structures of evacuation routes and exits, rationing of flammability of finishing on escape routes, height differences on traffic routes, dimensions of steps, slope of stairs and ramps.
Engineering and technical measures: organization of smoke protection, equipment automatic installations fire extinguishing, design of the required illumination, placement of light indicators, loudspeakers of the notification system.
Organizational: ensuring the functioning of all emergency exits in case of fire and maintaining at the required level of space-planning, design, ergonomic and engineering indicators, for example: preventing the blockage of escape routes and exits with combustible materials, as well as objects, reducing their throughput.
1. General requirements SNiP 21-01
1.1. Basic Provisions
Evacuation is a process of organized independent movement of people out of the premises, in which there is a possibility of exposure to hazardous factors of fire. Evacuation should also be considered the independent movement of people belonging to low-mobility groups of the population, carried out by service personnel. Evacuation is carried out along the evacuation routes through evacuation exits.
Rescue is the forced movement of people outward when exposed to dangerous fire factors or when there is an immediate threat of this impact. Rescue is carried out independently, with the help of fire departments or specially trained personnel, including the use of rescue equipment, through evacuation and emergency exits.
Protection of people on the escape routes is provided by a complex of space-planning, ergonomic, constructive, engineering and technical and organizational measures.
Evacuation routes within the premises must ensure the safe evacuation of people through evacuation exits from this room without taking into account the fire extinguishing and smoke protection equipment used in it.
Outside the premises, the protection of evacuation routes should be provided from the condition of ensuring the safe evacuation of people, taking into account the functional fire hazard of premises facing the evacuation route, the number of evacuees, the degree of fire resistance and the class of constructive fire hazard of the building, the number of evacuation exits from the floor and from the building as a whole.
Fire hazard building materials surface layers of structures (finishes and claddings) in the premises and on the escape routes outside the premises should be limited depending on the functional fire hazard of the premises and the building, taking into account other measures to protect the escape routes.
It is not allowed to place premises of class F5 of categories A and B under premises intended for a simultaneous stay of more than 50 people, as well as in basements and basements.
It is not allowed to place premises of classes F 1.1, F1.2 and F1.3 in the basement and basement floors.
1.2. Evacuation and emergency exits
Exits are evacuation exits if they lead:
a) from the premises of the first floor to the outside:
- directly;
- through the corridor;
- through the lobby (foyer);
- through the staircase;
- through the corridor and lobby (foyer);
- through the corridor and staircase;
b) from the premises of any floor, except for the first:
- directly into the staircase or on the stairs of the 3rd type;
- into the corridor leading directly to the staircase or to the stairs of the 3rd type;
- to the hall (foyer), which has an exit directly to the staircase or to the staircase of the 3rd type;
c) to an adjacent room (except for a room of class F5, categories A and B) on the same floor, provided with exits indicated in "a" and "b"; An exit to a room of category A or B is allowed to be considered an evacuation exit if it leads from a technical room without permanent workplaces intended for servicing the above room of category A or B.
Exits from the basement and basement floors, which are evacuation, should, as a rule, be provided directly outside, separated from the general staircases of the building.
Allowed:
- to provide evacuation exits from the basements through common staircases with a separate exit to the outside, separated from the rest of the staircase by a deaf fire-prevention partition of the 1st type;
- evacuation exits from the basement and basement floors with rooms of categories C, D and D should be provided to rooms of categories D, D and to the lobby located on the first floor of class F5 buildings, subject to the requirements of 7.23;>
- evacuation exits from the foyer, dressing rooms, smoking and sanitary facilities located in the basement or basement floors of buildings of classes F2, FZ and F4 should be provided to the lobby of the first floor via separate stairs of the 2nd type;
- equip with a vestibule directly outside the building, from the basement and basement floors.
Exits are not evacuation exits if their openings are fitted with sliding and overhead doors and gates, gates for railway rolling stock, revolving doors and turnstiles. Wickets in swing gates can be considered emergency exits.
Quantity and overall width evacuation exits from rooms, from floors and from buildings are determined depending on the maximum possible number of people evacuated through them and the maximum permissible distance from the most remote place of possible stay of people (workplace) to the nearest emergency exit.
Parts of the building of various functional fire hazards, separated by fire barriers, must be provided with independent evacuation exits.
At least two emergency exits must have:
- Premises of class F1.1, intended for the simultaneous stay of more than 10 people;
- Premises in the basement and basement floors, designed for the simultaneous stay of more than 15 people; in the premises of the basement and basement floors, intended for the simultaneous stay of 6 to 15 people, one of two exits may be provided in accordance with the requirements of 6.20, "g";
- premises intended for the simultaneous stay of more than 50 people;
- premises of class F5 of categories A and B with the number of employees in the most numerous shift of more than 5 people, category C - more than 25 people. or with an area of more than 1000 m 2;
- open shelves and platforms in class F5 rooms, intended for service, with a tier floor area of more than 100 m 2 - for rooms of categories A and B and more than 400 m 2 - for rooms of other categories.
Premises of class F1.3 (apartments), located on two floors (levels), with a height of the upper floor of more than 18 m, must have emergency exits from each floor.
At least two emergency exits must have building floors:
- F1.1; H1.2; F2.1; F2.2; FZ; F4;
- F1.3 with a total area of apartments on the floor, and for section-type buildings - on the section floor - more than 500 m 2; with a smaller area (with one emergency exit from the floor), each apartment located at a height of more than 15 m, in addition to the evacuation one, must have an emergency exit according to 6.20;
- F5 categories A and B with the number of employees in the most numerous shift more than 5 people, category C - 25 people.
At least two evacuation exits must have basement and basement floors with an area of more than 300 m 2 or intended for a simultaneous stay of more than 15 people.
It is allowed to provide one escape exit from the floors of 2-storey buildings of classes F1.2, FZ and F4.3, provided that the height of the floor does not exceed 6 m, while the number of people on the floor should not exceed 20 people.
The number of emergency exits from a floor must be at least two, if a room is located on it, which must have at least two emergency exits.
The number of emergency exits from the building must not be less than the number of emergency exits from any floor of the building.
If there are two or more emergency exits, they should be dispersed.
When arranging two emergency exits, each of them must ensure the safe evacuation of all people in the room, on the floor or in the building. If there are more than two emergency exits safe evacuation all people in the room, on the floor or in the building must be provided with all emergency exits, except for each one of them.
The clear height of the emergency exits must be at least 1.9 m, the width must be at least:
- 1.2 m - from premises of class F1.1 with more than 15 people evacuated, from premises and buildings of other classes of functional fire hazard, except for class F1.3, - more than 50 people;
- 0.8 m - in all other cases.
The width of the outer doors of the stairwells to the vestibule must be at least the calculated one or the width of the stairway march.
In all cases, the width of the evacuation exit should be such that, taking into account the geometry of the evacuation route, through the opening or door, it would be possible to freely carry a stretcher with a person lying on it.
Escape doors and other doors on escape routes must open in the direction of the exit from the building.
The direction of door opening is not standardized for:
- premises of classes F1.3 and F1.4;
- premises with a simultaneous stay of no more than 15 people, except for premises of categories A and B;
- storerooms with an area of no more than 200 m 2 without permanent jobs;
- sanitary facilities;
- exit to the landings of stairs of the 3rd type;
- exterior doors of buildings located in the northern construction climatic zone.
Doors of emergency exits from floor corridors, halls, foyers, lobbies and stairwells should not have locks that prevent them from being freely opened from the inside without a key.
Doors of staircases leading to common corridors, doors of lift halls and doors of vestibules with constant air pressurization should have devices for self-closing and sealing in the narthex, and doors of vestibules with pressurized air in case of fire and doors of rooms with forced smoke protection should have automatic devices for closing them in case of fire and sealing in the vestibules.
Exits that do not meet the requirements for emergency exits can be considered emergency and provided to increase the safety of people in the event of a fire. Emergency exits are not included in the evacuation in the event of a fire.
Emergency exits also include:
a) exit to an open balcony or loggia with a blank wall of at least 1.2 m from the end of the balcony (loggia) to the window opening (glazed door) or at least 1.6 m between the glazed openings overlooking the balcony (loggia);
b) exit to an open passage with a width of at least 0.6 m, leading to an adjacent section of a building of class F1.3 or to an adjacent fire compartment through the air zone;
c) exit to a balcony or loggia equipped with an external staircase connecting the balconies or loggias by floor;
d) exit directly outside from rooms with a clean floor not lower than -4.5 m and not higher than +5.0 m through a window or door with dimensions of at least 0.75 × 1.5 m, as well as through a hatch with dimensions of at least 0.6 x 0.8 m; in this case, the exit through the pit must be equipped with a ladder in the pit, and the exit through the hatch with a ladder in the room; the slope of these stairs is not standardized;
e) access to the roof of the building of I, II and III degrees of fire resistance of classes CO and C1 through a window, door or hatch with dimensions and a ladder along the "g".
From technical floors intended only for laying engineering networks, it is allowed to provide emergency exits through doors with dimensions of at least 0.75 × 1.5 m, as well as through hatches with dimensions of at least 0.6 × 0.8 m without emergency exits.
With an area of a technical floor up to 300 m 2, it is allowed to provide one exit, and for each subsequent complete and incomplete 2000 m 2 of the area, at least one more exit should be provided.
In technical undergrounds, these exits should be separated from the exits from the building and lead directly outside.
1.3. Evacuation routes
The maximum permissible distance from the most distant point of the room, and for buildings of class F5 - from the most distant workplace to the nearest emergency exit, measured along the axis of the escape route, should be limited depending on the functional fire hazard class and the explosion and fire hazard category of the room and building, the number of evacuees , geometric parameters of premises and escape routes, class of constructive fire hazard and degree of fire resistance of the building.
The length of the escape route along the stairs of the 2nd type should be taken equal to its triple height.
Evacuation routes should not include elevators and escalators, as well as sections leading:
- through the corridors with exits from the elevator shafts, through the elevator halls and vestibules in front of the elevators, if the enclosing structures of the elevator shafts, including the doors of the elevator shafts, do not meet the requirements for fire barriers;
- through the "walk-through" staircases, when the landing of the staircase is part of the corridor;
- on the roof of buildings, with the exception of the operated roof or a specially equipped roof section;
- on stairs of the 2nd type, connecting more than two floors (tiers), as well as leading from basements and basements, except for the case specified in 6.9.
In common corridors, with the exception of cases specially stipulated in the norms, it is not allowed to place equipment protruding from the plane of the walls at a height of less than 2 m, gas pipelines and pipelines with flammable liquids, as well as built-in cabinets, except for cabinets for communications and fire hydrants.
Common corridors with a length of more than 60 m should be divided by type 2 fire partitions into sections, the length of which is determined according to SNiP 2.04.05, but should not exceed 60 m.
The height of the horizontal sections of the escape routes in the clear must be at least 2 m, the width of the horizontal sections of the escape routes and ramps must be at least:
- 1.2 m - for common corridors, along which more than 15 people can be evacuated from premises of the F1 class, from premises of other classes of functional fire hazard - more than 50 people;
- 0.7 m - for passages to single workplaces;
- 1.0 m - in all other cases.
In any case, evacuation routes should be of such width that, taking into account their geometry, it would be possible to carry a stretcher with a person lying on them without hindrance.
In the floor on the escape routes, height differences less than 45 cm and protrusions are not allowed, with the exception of thresholds in doorways.
In places of elevation differences, stairs with a number of steps of at least three or ramps with a slope of no more than 1: 6 should be provided.
For staircases more than 45 cm high, railings should be provided.
The device is not allowed on the escape routes. spiral staircases and winders, as well as stairs with different tread widths and step heights within the march and staircase.
1.4. Evacuation of stairs and stairwells
Stairs and staircases intended for evacuation are subdivided into staircase types:
1 - internal, placed in stairwells;
2 - internal open;
3 - outdoor open;
conventional staircase types:
L1 - with glazed or open openings in the outer walls on each floor;
L2 - with natural light through glazed or open openings in the roof;
smoke-free staircases types:
H1-with an entrance to the staircase from the floor through the external air zone along open passages, while the smoke-free passage through the air zone must be ensured;
H2 - with air pressurization into the staircase in case of fire;
NZ - with the entrance to the staircase from the floor through the airlock with air pressure (constant or in case of fire).
To ensure fire extinguishing and rescue operations, fire escapes of the following types are provided: P1 - vertical; P2 - marching with a slope of no more than 6: 1.
The width of the flight of the stairs intended for the evacuation of people, including those located in the staircase, must be no less than the calculated one or no less than the width of any escape exit (door) to it, but, as a rule, no less than:
a) 1.35 m - for buildings of class F1.1;
b) 1.2 m - for buildings with more than 200 people on any floor except the first;
c) 0.7 m - for stairs leading to single workplaces;
d) 0.9 m - for all other cases.
The slope of stairs on escape routes should, as a rule, be no more than 1: 1; the width of the tread is usually at least 25 cm, and the height of the step is no more than 22 cm.
The slope of open stairs for passage to single workplaces is allowed to increase up to 2: 1.
It is allowed to reduce the width of the tread of curved front staircases in the narrow part to 22 cm; the width of the tread of stairs leading only to premises (except for premises of class F5, categories A and B) with a total number of workplaces of no more than 15 people. - up to 12 cm.
Ladders of the 3rd type should be made of non-combustible materials and should be placed, as a rule, near blind (without light openings) parts of walls of a class not lower than K1 with a fire resistance limit of at least REI-30. These stairs should have platforms at the level of emergency exits, fences 1.2 m high and be located at a distance of at least 1 m from window openings.
Width staircases must be at least the width of the march, and in front of the entrances to the elevators with swing doors- not less than the sum of the width of the march and half the width of the elevator door, but not less than 1.6 m.
Intermediate platforms in a straight flight of stairs must have a width of at least 1 m.
Doors overlooking the staircase, in the open position, should not reduce the width of staircases and flights.
It is not allowed to place gas pipelines and pipelines with flammable liquids in stairwells, built-in cabinets, except for communication cabinets and fire hydrants, electrical cables and wires (with the exception of electrical wiring for lighting corridors and staircases), build in premises for any purpose, provide exits from freight elevators and freight lifts, and also place equipment protruding from the plane of the walls at a height of 2.2 m from the surface of the treads and staircases.
In buildings with a height of up to 28 m, inclusive, in ordinary stairwells, it is allowed to provide garbage chutes and electrical wiring for lighting the premises.
In stairwells, except for non-smoky ones, it is allowed to place no more than two passenger elevators, descending at least the first floor, with enclosing structures of elevator shafts made of non-combustible materials. It is allowed to provide only heating devices in smoke-free staircases.
Stairwells should have an exit to the area adjacent to the building directly or through the lobby, separated from the adjoining corridors by partitions with doors. When arranging emergency exits from two staircases through a common lobby, it must have an exit directly outside.
Stairwells of type HI should only have an exit directly to the outside.
Stairwells, with the exception of staircases of type L2, as a rule, must have light openings with an area of at least 1.2 m 2 in the outer walls on each floor.
It is allowed to provide for no more than 50% of internal staircases intended for evacuation, without skylights in buildings:
- classes Ф2, ФЗ and Ф4 - type Н2 or НЗ with air pressure in case of fire;
- class F5, category B, up to 28 m high, and categories D and D, regardless of the height of the building - type NZ with air pressure in case of fire.
Stairwells of type L2 must be covered with light openings with an area of at least 4 m 2 with a gap between flights of at least 0.7 m in width or a light shaft for the entire height of the staircase with a horizontal section of at least 2 m 2.
Anti-smoke protection of staircases of types H2 and NZ should be provided in accordance with SNiP 2.04.05. If necessary, staircases of type H2 should be divided in height into compartments with deaf fireproof partitions of the 1st type with a transition between the compartments outside the volume of the staircase.
Windows in stairwells of type H2 must be non-opening.
Smoke-free passages through the external air zone leading to smoke-free staircases of type H1 must be provided with their structural and volumetric-planning solutions: these passages must be open, must not be located in the inner corners of the building and must have a width of at least 1.2 m with a fence height of 1 , 2 m; the width of the wall between doorways in the outer air zone there must be at least 1.2 m, and between the doorways of the staircase and the nearest window - at least 2 m.
Stairwells of type L1 can be provided in buildings of all classes of functional fire hazard with a height of up to 28 m; at the same time, in buildings of class F5 of categories A and B, exits to the floor corridor from rooms of categories A and B should be provided through vestibule locks with a constant air pressure.
Stairwells of type L2 are allowed to be provided in buildings of I, II and III degrees of fire resistance of classes of constructive fire hazard CO and C1 and functional fire hazard F1, F2, FZ and F4 with a height, as a rule, no more than 9 m.
In buildings with a height of more than 28 m, as well as in buildings of class F5, categories A and B, smoke-free staircases, as a rule, of type HI, should be provided.
Allowed:
- in buildings of class F1.3 of corridor type, provide for no more than 50% of stairwells of type H2;
- in buildings of class F1.1, F1.2, F2, FZ and F4, provide for no more than 50% of staircases of type H2 or NZ with air pressure in case of fire;
- in buildings of class F5, categories A and B, provide staircases of types H2 and NZ with natural lighting and constant air pressure;
- in buildings of class F5, category B, provide for staircases of type H2 or NZ with air pressure in case of fire;
- in buildings of class F5 of categories G and D, provide for staircases of type H2 or NZ with air pressure in case of fire, as well as staircases of type L1 with their separation by a deaf fire barrier every 20 m in height and with a transition from one part of the staircase to another outside the volume of the staircase.
In buildings with smoke-free staircases, smoke protection should be provided for common corridors, lobbies, hallways and foyers.
In buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance of class CO, it is allowed to provide type 2 stairs from the vestibule to the second floor.
In buildings with a height of no more than 28 m of functional fire hazard classes F1.2, F2, FZ, F41 and II degrees of fire resistance and constructive fire hazard CO, it is allowed to use type 2 stairs connecting more than two floors, in the presence of evacuation staircases required by the standards ...
Escalators should be provided in accordance with the requirements established for type 2 stairs.
2. Requirements for evacuation lighting
SNiP 23-05-95 apply to the design of lighting in buildings and structures for various purposes, outdoor lighting.
Artificial lighting is divided into working, emergency (safety and evacuation lighting), security and duty.
Evacuation lighting in rooms or in places where work is performed outside buildings should be provided for:
- in places dangerous for the passage of people;
- in the aisles and on the stairs, serving for the evacuation of people, when the number of evacuees is more than 50 people;
- along the main aisles industrial premises employing more than 50 people;
- in stairwells of residential buildings with a height of 6 floors or more;
- in industrial premises with people constantly working in them, where leaving the premises in case of emergency shutdown of normal lighting is associated with the risk of injury due to the continuation of the operation of the production equipment;
- in the premises of public and auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises, if more than 100 people can be in the premises at the same time;
- in industrial premises without natural light.
For evacuation lighting should be used:
a) incandescent lamps;
b) fluorescent lamps - in rooms with a minimum air temperature of at least 5 ° C and provided that the lamps are powered in all voltage modes at least 90% of the nominal;
c) discharge lamps high pressure subject to their instant or quick re-ignition, both in a hot state after a short-term disconnection of the supply voltage, and in a cold state.
In public and auxiliary buildings of enterprises, exits from premises where more than 100 people can be at the same time, as well as exits from production premises without natural light, where more than 50 people can be at the same time. or having an area of more than 150 m 2, must be marked with signs.
Exit indicators can be light, with built-in light sources connected to the emergency lighting network, and not light (without light sources), provided that the exit designation (inscription, sign, etc.) is illuminated by emergency lighting lamps.
In this case, the indicators should be installed at a distance of no more than 25 m from each other, as well as at the turn of the corridor. Additionally, exits from the corridors and recreations adjacent to the premises listed above should be marked with signs.
Emergency lighting devices (in the absence of special technical means protection) it is allowed to provide for burning, turned on simultaneously with the main lighting fixtures normal lighting and non-luminous, automatically switched on when the supply of normal lighting is interrupted.
3. Fire warning systems
NPB 104-03 establish a general procedure for the design of warning systems (SO) of people about a fire in buildings and structures.
3.1. Classification of warning systems
People should be alerted about a fire:
- giving sound and (or) light signals to all premises of the building with permanent or temporary stay of people;
- broadcasting of speech information about the need for evacuation.
Evacuation management should be carried out:
- turning on the evacuation lighting;
- transmission of texts on CO, aimed at preventing panic;
- translation of texts containing information on the direction of evacuation;
- remote opening of the doors of additional emergency exits.
Sirens should not have volume controls and should be connected to a network without plug-in devices. Alerts should be distinct from other alarms.
The warning system should be controlled from the fire post, control room or other special room that meets the requirements set out in SNiP 2.04.09.
The norms provide for 5 types of systems for warning people about a fire, classified according to the parameters given in table. 1.
Table 1 NPB 104-03
3.2. Defining the types of warning systems
The required type of CO is determined from the table. 2 NPB 104-03:
1. Consumer service enterprises, banks (fire compartment area, m 2):
1-storey (up to 800) - 1;
2-storey (800-1000) - 2;
3-6-storey (1000-2500) - 3;
more than 6 floors - 4 or 5.
2. Hairdressers, repair shops, etc., located in public buildings area, m 2: up to 300 - 1; more than 300 - 2.
3. Public catering establishments (capacity, people):
- more than 2 floors (up to 50) - 1;
- the same (50-200) - 2;
- the same (more than 200) - 3.
The same, placed in the basement (basement), regardless of capacity, - 2.
Note for pp. 1-3. Premises with an area of more than 200 m 2, located as part of shopping and public centers or public buildings for other purposes, are considered as independent warning zones.
4. Buildings of baths and bathing and health-improving complexes with a number of seats up to 20 - 1; 20 or more - 2.
Note. Built-in baths (saunas) are considered as independent warning zones.
5. Buildings of trade enterprises (area of the fire compartment, m 2):
1-storey (up to 500) - 1;
2-storey (500-3500) - 2;
3-5-storey (more than 3500) - 3.
Trading halls without natural light - 3.
Note. Trading halls with an area of more than 100 m 2 in buildings of other purposes are considered as independent warning zones.
6. Buildings of offices, design institutes, research institutes and others administrative buildings up to 6 floors - 2; from 6 to 16 - 3.
7. Residential buildings:
- sectional type from 10 to 25 floors - 1;
- corridor type: up to 10 floors - 2; from 10 to 25 floors - 3.
8. Industrial buildings and structures (production categories):
1-storey (A, B, C, D, D) t-1;
2-6-storey (A, B) - 3;
2-8-storey (B) - 2;
2-10-storey (G, D) - 2.
The territory of explosive and fire hazardous objects - 3.
Notes:
1). The 1st type of CO is allowed to be combined with selector communication.
2). CO of buildings of categories A and B must be interlocked with technological or fire automatics.
