Open rafter system in the interior. How to make rafters for a gable roof. Video - Manufacturing and installation of rafters on a gable roof

Building small house, garage or outbuilding, it is not necessary to hire professional builders. Most of the work can be done on your own. Even if we are talking about something like this complex design, How rafter system. Even some of the materials, or rather elements, can be made with your own hands. For example, rafters. This element is the main one in the roof structure. How can you make rafters with your own hands? What nuances exist and how to avoid mistakes? This will be discussed below.

Which material to choose

Making rafters for a house with your own hands is a completely doable task. But before you start, you need to choose suitable material. The entire course of further work will depend on this.

What types of rafter materials are used? The following can be used for this:

1. Reinforced concrete products. This option is used in the construction of large industrial facilities. It is impossible to make such rafters yourself. And their use in the construction of private houses is not practiced.
   
2. Iron. It is quite possible to make metal rafters with your own hands. But they have many disadvantages. Firstly, metal is afraid of corrosion. Secondly, such rafters will weigh a lot. And this makes it difficult to do the installation yourself without the involvement of equipment.
   
3. Wood. It is this material that is most often used in the construction of the rafter system of a private house. Wood is easy to process. Therefore, making rafters with your own hands will be quite easy.

It is wood that is used for construction. But this material also has several options. Wood can be found in the form of logs, beams and boards. What is better to use for rafters? Much will depend on the design itself. Or rather, on the size and required strength.

Logs, due to their heaviness and bulkiness, are rarely used for rafters. The only exception is a pitched roof. And then in this case, thin logs from young trees are used for rafters.


Bars and boards are a completely different matter. They are used to make rafters for the roof. The beams are used in cases where the structure is large in size. At the same time, the loads from precipitation and the weight of the roofing material are quite large. Boards are used for rafters in cases where the roof is small in size. Moreover, they can be used singly or in pairs.


Wood selection

Making rafters is a responsible business. The strength of the entire roof structure will depend on it, so you need to pay attention to all the little details. Before you start making rafters, you should stock up on material. As mentioned above, wood is best suited for this.

Which breed is better to choose? What kind of wood can be used to make strong and durable rafters? To work you can use the following:

• Pine. This option is most often used when constructing a roof truss system. Pine has many benefits. Firstly, such wood is impregnated with resin. This allows you to protect it from external influences. Secondly, the material is soft, and it will be easier to make rafters out of it with your own hands. Another plus is that pine is inexpensive wood. This means that you can save money;
• Spruce is another common material for making roof rafters. This wood is strong, light and easy to work with. But spruce has a slight drawback. It is more susceptible to external influences than pine;
• You can use oak to make rafters. The material is durable and well processed. But oak is very expensive. It is better to use it for.

The rafters can be made from other materials. For example, you can use beech. This wood is strong and durable, but it is expensive and difficult to process. If you choose aspen, you should remember some of its disadvantages. The most important thing is that this wood often rots from the inside.

Most best option, according to most professionals, this is pine. The wood is fairly common and will be easy to purchase. But the most important thing is its durability and ease of processing. You can easily make rafters and other roof structural elements from pine yourself.

There is one more modern version. Glued laminated timber can be used to make rafters. This material has several advantages. Firstly, it is not deformable. Secondly, it has standard sizes, which greatly facilitates the adjustment of rafters. But laminated timber is rarely used. This material is new, and it is not cheap.

It is very important to consider the quality of the wood you purchase. Of course, everyone knows that you should not purchase beams or boards with signs of rotting. But, in addition, you should pay attention to the moisture content of the wood. This parameter should not exceed 10-15 percent. Otherwise, the rafters will warp and the roof will soon require repairs.

What sizes to choose

If wood is selected, then before purchasing you should understand several more parameters. To make rafters correctly, you need to decide on their cross-section and length. Both parameters are determined by calculations.

Having found out what load the rafters must withstand, you can calculate their cross-section. There are many tables on the Internet. They indicate the load-bearing capabilities of the rafters, depending on the material used in manufacturing, length and cross-section. With their help, you can easily select the desired parameter. The only thing that still needs to be taken into account when calculating is. The closer they are to each other, the smaller the cross-section can be used.

How to make rafters for the roof? In principle, there is nothing complicated here. Having found out what the length should be, timber or boards of the required section are sawed off according to the required markings. Next, a cut is made for and in the ridge area, and if another connection method is used, then this is not necessary. But to do everything right, you should take some advice from experts. Namely:

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The roof has great importance for the integrity of the entire house. Therefore, many are interested in how to properly assemble a rafter system so that it is reliable and does not have to be repaired in the near future. There are many types of roofs, some of them can be seen in the photo, but the most popular are lean-to and gable structures. Let's figure out how to make a rafter system correctly.

Types of roofs

Before moving on to how to make a rafter system, you need to understand what the common types of roofs are.

A pitched roof is the simplest; even a person who does not have much experience in construction can cope with its creation. However, this type of roofing is used mainly in the construction of commercial buildings. For residential buildings, gable or mansard (sloping) roofs are usually made. These designs are more complex, but you can easily cope with them on your own if you know how to make rafters in two ways. pitched roof and follow all recommendations of specialists (read: " ").

The most reliable roofs are hip roofs; they can withstand even enormous loads. They are recommended to be done in regions where there is a lot of snow and frequent winds. strong winds. But their design is very complex, so it is better to entrust their construction to professionals.

A hipped (hipped) roof is used in the construction of square buildings; in its design, it is a type of hip roof.

The most complex roof is a cross roof. During its construction, complex structural elements are used - valleys (grooves). These diagonal auxiliary rafters are installed as additional elements. During construction such complex roof rush is unacceptable. The bulk of the snow accumulates in the area of ​​the valleys, and the reliability of the roof depends on how to make rafters in these places.

Each type of roof consists of rafters and roofing. The rafters are the load-bearing part of the roof, and the roof surface is the enclosing part.

Types of rafters

Before you lay the rafters, you need to know about them design features and decide on the installation option.

There are two types of rafters: layered and hanging .

Hanging rafters - These are inclined beams installed on supports with different heights. The support can be the external walls of the house (in case pitched roof) or simultaneously internal and external walls (with a gable roof). The rafter legs do not have to be laid in the same plane opposite to the slopes. They can be mounted alternately on the ridge girder. Alternate laying of rafters in the ridge area makes it possible to create a roof truss. For this purpose, all parts are connected together into a single rigid structure.

Materials for rafters

As for rafters made from boards, they are not heavy and are easy to install. You can easily work with this material yourself, without resorting to outside help. Many experts do not advise making connections with nails - it is better to use self-tapping screws. If the work will be carried out using nails, do not forget about linings and liners.

As for how to build a rafter system, it is better to use notches to connect the racks to the purlin or beam.

Installation of the rafter system with your own hands, details in the video:

Options for connecting the rafter system

The rafter system can be connected in three ways:

• struts;
• stands;
• simultaneously struts and racks.

How to properly make rafters depends on the span between the outer walls. A 10x10 centimeter beam is used to create a ridge girder. The bench and mauerlat can be made from logs, cutting them into two edges, or taking a 10x10 centimeter beam.

Upon registration ridge knot it is necessary to nail special clamps made of steel strip to the mauerlat and the girder with large nails, taking into account. You don’t have to use steel clamps, but then you need twists made of thick wire with a diameter of 6 millimeters.

Regarding how to make a brick or stone house, you need to lay a mauerlat on the masonry. To secure it securely, it is recommended to place a piece of log or timber about 50 centimeters under each rafter leg. Then they are attached using clamps to metal hooks, which were previously installed 30 centimeters below the Mauerlat.

Many people have a question about how to make rafters for the roof wooden houses. Rafters in wooden buildings laid on the upper crown of the wall. A plank roof truss can be created using a crossbar or with spans (6-8 centimeters). Its structural elements are arranged as follows. They make a single tightening using boards, the thickness of which is equal to the thickness of the rafters. For double tightening use more thin boards(thickness from 40 millimeters). For the crossbar and linings, 30 mm parts are used.

How to determine the section of rafters

Before laying the rafters correctly, you need to decide on their cross-section.

This parameter depends on:

• span dimensions;
• expected load (wind force, weight of snow cover and roofing material);
• pitch and installation angle of the rafters (roof slope).

There is a dependence of the cross-section of the rafters on the length of the rafter leg.

It is expressed as follows:

• with a step of 300 centimeters, beams with a section of 10x12 centimeters or boards with a section of 6x14, 8x14 or 4x18 centimeters are used;
• with a step of 400 centimeters, beams with a section of 10x16 centimeters or boards with a section of 6x20, 8x20 centimeters are used;
• with a step of 500 centimeters, beams with a section of 10x20 centimeters or boards with a section of 8x22 centimeters are used.

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The roof covering must be selected taking into account the roof slope. Also, the choice of roofing material depends on financial capabilities. The greater the roof slope, the more funds will be required to create the roof - this is due to the increased consumption of materials. However, steep roofs provide better drainage rainwater and snow, so they are more reliable and will not require repairs longer. But considering huge selection roofing materials on the market, there will be no difficulties with this.

Creating a rafter system for a bathhouse

As for how to make rafters for a bathhouse, it is better to choose gable roof- then the building will have an attic space, which can be used to store brooms and other bath accessories (read: " "). Thus, it is advisable to create a rafter system for a gable roof, it is simpler and more practical.

Unusual cultural traditions, exotic rituals and sacraments, a variety of religious beliefs and teachings - all this, taken together, very much distinguishes the countries of the East from European ones. However, it is increasingly possible to observe elements of oriental culture in design projects for houses and buildings in Western countries, in decoration interior design premises in Europe.

Introducing oriental style elements into the design of house facades or apartment decoration makes them look unusual, attractive and fresh. This probably explains the increasing prevalence in construction of such unusual, at first glance, elements as the Chinese roof. But, of course, the design of a Chinese roof is a decoration for private houses; it will significantly highlight private building among other buildings of the same type.

A beautiful legend or a desire for practicality?

If we consider the origin of roofs of such an unusual shape, then there are many legends that explain their occurrence.

Here's just one of them. In ancient times, dragons lived on the roofs of houses and guarded human homes so that evil spirits could not harm the owners of the house in any way. And when their little dragons were born, they had to somehow learn to fly.

For this purpose, people built such roofs with steep and curved slopes in the form of springboards. When the time comes to learn to fly, the dragons will slide down the trampolines and thus, thanks to the curved shape of the roof, will be able to fly up instead of falling down. Throwed into the air, they would be able to remain in a state longer free fall, which would allow them, by working with their wings, to quickly learn to fly.

A wonderful legend, isn't it? Who knows, maybe once upon a time it was not a legend at all, but had real grounds? But seriously speaking, this roof shape is determined, first of all, by the geographical features of the region.

After all, Chinese territories are very often subject to very heavy rains, so the construction of a roof of this shape was exclusively practical significance. If it rains heavily, you need to somehow protect your house from flooding. Roofs with a strong angle of inclination and curved slopes allow water to drain very quickly without stopping, and thanks to the bends, “fly away” far from the house, thereby preventing flooding of areas adjacent to the house.

So the appearance of such a roof shape is not only unusual and beautiful shapes that attract attention, but, above all, it urgent need for this place of residence.

Are there any analogues?

The house, which was built in the oriental style, cannot be confused with any other. The main feature that distinguishes it from European buildings is characteristic roof with curved edges that seem to look into the sky. This form of roof is quite common not only in China, it can also be found in Japan and Korea.

For ordinary people, a Chinese-style roof will seem very interesting, original and amazing. Many believe that it simply has no analogues or competitors.

But in reality this, of course, is far from the case. A long time ago in European culture, there were hip roofs with different slopes, as well as half-hip roofs, the so-called “Dutch” roofs. They also have a very large slope, but lack that original bend of the ribs inherent in Chinese roofs.

However, this is where all the sameness ends. And although they may be very similar in shape, they have significant differences in the structure and shape of load-bearing walls and structures. Therefore, you first need to decide for yourself whether it will exactly comply with all the canons of constructing Chinese roofs or whether it is worth just imitating one.

If erecting a roof is the last stage in construction, then it is best, of course, to resort to imitation of this roof shape. Since strict adherence to the canons of Chinese roof construction involves the construction of walls and other structural elements according to completely different principles, significantly different from European ones.

Another decisive argument in favor of imitation is the high cost building materials during the construction of a real Chinese pagoda, as well as quite complex installation work, for which it is best to invite specialists.

To build a roof resembling a Chinese roof, certain roofing materials. Today they are mainly used for these purposes. soft materials from bitumen. Most often, bituminous shingles are used or, as an option, use the popular euroroofing felt.

Imitation of a roof based on a hanging rafter system

This is the most suitable option for erecting a roof in oriental style. Hanging rafters include the following elements:

• rafter leg;
• puff;
• trimmer;
• strut;
• support beam;
• overlay;
• fastening bolts.

First of all, in the design of the rafter system, tightening is a very important part. The purpose of its installation is to prevent the rafters from moving apart. All roof load must take struts. It is worth noting that in the traditional eastern construction of roofs there were no struts at all, and the load was transferred to two tie rods installed horizontally and with vertical posts attached to them.

The Chinese version of the ties work mainly on bending, and the use of materials such as bamboo, under the weight of denser materials (for example, tiles), naturally bend the roof corners upward.

The difference from the principles of roof construction in Europe is that when distributing loads, Europeans more often used triangular shapes in rafter systems, while in the east they prefer rectangular ones.

Features of the design and construction of eastern roofs

The “classical” roof, but in the Chinese style, has the following very characteristic features:

• frame structure in which all loads are distributed only in vertical and horizontal planes;
• the corners of the roof are curved upward;
• roof overhangs are moved away from external walls at home (outside the perimeter) to protect the walls from rain, and the rooms inside from excess sunlight;
• the Chinese-style roof has a very steep slope in its uppermost part, and the angle at the bottom decreases very sharply;
• part of the overhangs, which are located between the corner ribs of the roof, is used for quick removal precipitation;
• Multi-tier solutions are also very often used.

Chinese roof, how to make a structure that will not only decorate your home, but will also reliable protection from bad weather? The construction of original eastern roofs has its own characteristics and difficulties.

Let's look at some options for how to create a Chinese roof with your own hands:

• copied in great detail original design buildings from the very foundation to the highest point of the roof;
• a truss of the required shape is installed (supported on the main walls);
• the roof is given a corresponding characteristic shape using decorative elements (on standard hanging rafters);
• make load-bearing bent structures not from wood, but using more flexible and technologically advanced metal beams.

If compliance with the original Chinese roof is more important to you than the upcoming costs and some inconveniences, then it is worth starting construction according to all the old canons. Although such a house will most likely become less durable the latest technologies. Surely, insulation and strengthening of the walls will be required.

The rise in cost and complexity of work when constructing a complex rafter system for such a roof is inevitable, but the roof will turn out almost identical to a real Chinese one. Decorative elements(skates, pads, etc.) will allow you to create appearance the roofs are really close to the oriental with Chinese characteristics.

The disadvantage can be considered that metal structure supports are quite expensive, and there are also difficulties when covering the roof with roofing material. However, by using light alloys, it is possible to obtain any roof shape with a fairly high degree of strength.

If you nevertheless decide to make an eastern roof, then the Japanese version will cost much less than the Chinese one, since the main difficulty is the curved edges of the roof, which are not present in Japanese roof. At the same time, the possibility of choosing the material for its coating also expands.

Eastern owners of beautiful pagodas and small Chinese houses created them in accordance with their natural and national characteristics. And today the builders different countries successfully cope with the task of constructing complex, unique and reliable Chinese roofs.

So, having become familiar with how to build a roof in the Chinese style, we ask you not to neglect the advice and weigh all the arguments in favor of building an oriental roof for your home. Think about the cost and whether it will fit our Russian climate, and specifically, to the weather conditions of your area. If the arguments in favor and the desire to impress others outweigh, then feel free to get down to business and start creating a project.

The wooden roof consists of different types rafters with other elements of load-bearing structures and roofing. When constructing such a structure, you do not have to face many difficulties, which makes this type of roofing very popular and widespread. The rafter system can have a different structure, and the components for its creation differ in their features and prices. This article will tell you what a wood roof includes and how it is constructed. Also here you can find a large amount of information about what materials are best to use for a given design and how to optimize the costs of construction work without loss of quality.

What are the components of the rafter system?

To begin with, it is worth saying that each roof has its own rafter system with certain components. The choice of design depends on many factors. For example, this may include the number of slopes or angles of inclination, as well as the location of the chimney. But still included wooden roof always included the following elements:

Mauerlat- This is a board lying on the wall. It serves as a support for the entire roof and evenly distributes the load on the building.

Rafters set the appearance of the roof and give it an angle of inclination. They are necessary to ensure that the structure is rigid and stable. Also rafter legs serve as support for sheathing and roofing.

Run. This structural element is needed to connect the rafters to each other. Depending on the location, the purlins can be ridge or side.

Puff- this is part of the system that connects the rafter legs and does not allow them to diverge.

Racks give stability and fix the rafter legs. The same function is performed by roof struts.

Sill- This is a board parallel to the skate. The struts and racks rest against this structural element.

Lathing consists of beams or boards perpendicular to the rafters. It is attached to this component roof covering.

Roof ridge is a connection of two slopes. In this place, during construction, it is necessary to fill in a continuous sheathing.

Roof overhangs- these are roof projections needed to protect the walls of the house from getting wet.

The installation of a wooden roof also requires the presence of a roof truss. This part consists of elements such as braces, racks and braces. Such a design is needed for uniform distribution load and reduce pressure on the walls. Between every two roof trusses May be different distance, which is derived using calculations.

Types of wooden roof construction

There are three types of wooden roofing: with layered rafters, with hanging rafters and with wooden trusses. The first option provides that the rafters rest against the mauerlat on the end side, and on the front side against the wall of the building or against the rack. With this design, the distance between the posts should be from 60 centimeters to 2 meters.

The step length is calculated based on the expected load and the type of material used. In order to build such a structure, you need to use 20*20 timber with a thickness of at least 5 centimeters. You need to leave a distance of up to 2 meters between the posts. To increase the rigidity of the entire structure, the rafter legs should be additionally tied with a board of twenty.

If you plan to give the roof additional resistance to gusts of wind, then in this case the structural elements are fixed with wire, which in turn is attached with anchors to the mauerlats and beams. This type of truss structure is the most popular in our time and is used in the construction of most buildings with a wooden roof.

But it’s worth noting that when arranging a layered rafter system, it will be necessary that, firstly, there is at least one inside the building bearing wall, and secondly, the width of the building was at least 7 meters.

If it is impossible to make a wooden roof of the layered type, then it is recommended to resort to a design of hanging rafters. With this option, upper vertical supports are not required.

But it is worth paying attention that the width of the house should not be less than eight meters. But at the same time, such a rafter system fits best with small technical buildings.

However, it is worth remembering that hanging rafters exert increased pressure on the walls, leaning on them with their lower part. To give the structure additional rigidity, the rafter legs are pulled together. To connect all the components of this structure, in addition to nails, bolts and metal staples are also used. And in order to be able to use the attic space as a living space, the screeds must be placed at the highest possible height.

For use attic space as a residential area, it is necessary to place the ties high

On our website you can find contacts of construction companies that offer services roof design and repair. You can communicate directly with representatives by visiting the “Low-Rise Country” exhibition of houses.

The truss structure with wooden trusses is practically not used in the construction of private houses. This type It fits better with buildings whose spans exceed 20 meters. This is due to the fact that this system quite complicated. It includes a whole complex of nodes consisting of large quantity beams, the width of which should be 150 millimeters.

It is also worth noting that it is beneficial to use such truss structures roofing for wooden house. This is due to the fact that it will be very convenient to attach the roof frame elements to wooden walls.

How to choose roofing materials for a wooden roof

Exist different kinds coverings for wooden roofs. They differ significantly in their properties and capabilities. To give you an idea of ​​wooden roofing coverings, some of them will be discussed below:

Shingle

Consists of small plates. They are connected to each other with spikes or grooves. The strongest, most durable and reliable types of wood are used to make shingles.

This coating has one significant drawback: a shingle roof is a very fire hazard. However, you can combat this by covering the surface of the planks with a special compound.

Among the advantages, it is worth noting the long service life, as well as high-quality sound insulation. In addition, shingles have low thermal conductivity, which makes them good insulation. These characteristics are typical of all wood roofing materials.

On our website you can get acquainted with the most – from construction companies represented at the exhibition of houses “Low-Rise Country”.

Schindel

In shape, it is a split plate. This material is different different sizes components. This roofing covering has the longest service life among wooden materials.

It is noteworthy that the shindel is made using the hand chopping method. For its production, species such as aspen, larch or oak are used. Only mature, selected raw materials with a high density of growth rings are selected. In addition, this coating has a small number of knots.

ploughshare

It is one of the varieties of shindel. It differs in that it has a complex shape. Its upper part is an extension, and the lower part has openwork edges. Such a board looks like a spatula, and its edges often have a rounded shape. For production, the most commonly used raw materials are pine and spruce.

Tes

This is one of the simplest wooden roofing materials. Represents the usual edged board from pine or spruce. However, the most reliable plank roofs are made from larch, although it is more expensive and more difficult to process.

A wooden roof made of this material almost completely absorbs the sound of rain, and is also an environmentally friendly material. Installing a plank roof is a fairly simple process and does not require significant labor costs.

The problem is that it creates a large load on the walls of the house due to its considerable mass.

Procedure for constructing a wooden roof

Before you start building a roof, you need to choose the materials correctly and competently. The wood must be dry; the appearance of fungi and wood cancer on its surface is unacceptable. To make the structure last longer, you should choose materials that do not have a rim. It is also recommended to coat all components with antiseptics and fire retardants. Such products will protect the roof not only from rot, but also from fire.

The first step in the construction of any roof is to install the Mauerlats. Use as this part better timber 150 millimeters wide. There are two fixation methods:

Rolled wire threaded in advance drilled holes in the wall and timber, and then securely and strongly pulled together and tied with pliers. If there wooden house under the roof, then this method will be the best solution.

Installed on the wall vertical rods at least one and a half centimeters thick. It is possible to install a concrete beam with metal pins pre-fixed on it. The distance between them should not exceed 10-12 centimeters. The beam is put on the studs with mounting holes, and then fixed with nuts.

If the Mauerlat is installed on the wall without using a roofing material gasket, this will have a detrimental effect on the entire roof. Also to protect this element it is usually coated bitumen mastic. After installing the “foundation”, the wooden roof is erected in accordance with the following sequence of actions:

Parallel to the walls beds are stacked. For the manufacture of these components, it is recommended to use timber with a cross-section of 150*150 millimeters. In the case where there are too short pieces of material, they are joined using spikes.

Lying down racks are mounted. Here it is better to use timber with a width of 5*15. Such elements are always installed at a distance equal to the pitch of the rafter legs.

Next install extreme rafters. They are attached to the Mauerlats and must be secured with racks. The joints are always notched, and metal plates are placed on them for reliability and stability.

Installed on the corners of the pediment horse.

After that all other rafters are installed. At the same time, there remains a distance between them, calculated using calculations, and they rest on the Mauerlats, ridge and racks.

Gable stitched up board.

After all the supporting structures have been assembled, the roofing pie. The construction of a wooden roof requires the presence of insulation, as well as layers of vapor and waterproofing. It is better to cover the entire system with boards from the attic side. If you plan to use the building as utility room, then you can save on a layer of thermal insulation.

After all of the above processes have been completed, all that remains is to fasten the sheathing and fix the roofing on it. Now you can hem the overhangs and wooden roof will be completely ready.

Video description

From the video you can find out how the roof is built:

Conclusion

A wooden roof has many advantages. In addition to its excellent thermal insulation and noise absorption, it also has good decorative properties. If you love traditional old Russian architecture, then plank roofing is suitable for you like nothing else. A roof made of any wooden materials will last quite a long time, and with careful care and correct installation will delight you with its appearance for a long time.

A good foundation does not mean that the house will stand “faithfully” for many years. Another extremely important component is a reliable and high-quality roof rafter system. Let's figure out how it works in the case of a pitched roof, what types there are and what elements it consists of.

Roof rafter systems

What should be the rafters for roofs?

Here are several types of rafters that are most often used in modern construction:

• metal ones are difficult to change, but this material is durable;
• wooden ones are easy to use and change, but require additional processing;
• wooden I-beams (made from timber and OSB) are smooth with a maximum length of up to 12 meters, but the cost is higher conventional system made of wood;
• reinforced concrete cannot be changed at all, but they are distinguished by their long service life;
• mixed or combined systems.

Each of them has its own pros and cons, which include strength, price, ease of installation, the possibility of small changes associated, for example, with inappropriate dimensions, interaction with environment. IN this material We will talk about the most popular material for making rafters - wood. Let us highlight the main tasks that are set for structures of this type.

First, and most importantly - strength each element. The roof should not deform or move. The basis of the rafter design is a triangle. It is in the form of a triangle that trusses (frames) are made, attached in parallel. Fixed and rigid, they “head” the entire structure.

Low weight. A heavy roof is extremely bad. Therefore, most elements are made from wood. If the weight roofing system big, then it is strengthened metal frame. The base is coniferous wood with low moisture content.

What requirements the tree should respond:

• 1-3 varieties. No chips, knots or cracks.
• Wooden elements should not be less than 5 cm in thickness, and with an area of ​​up to 45 square meters. cm.
• Maximum length of timber beams coniferous should not exceed 5-6 m.
• Mauerlat and purlins are made exclusively from hard wood.

Main structural elements of rafters

Any owner planning the construction of a rafter system must be aware of what it consists of.

1. Mauerlat. The basis of the entire structure. Using this element, the correct load is set on everything load-bearing elements Houses.
2. Rafter leg. The slope of the slope is affected, gives the roof an attractive appearance, and reliably secures the structural parts of the system.
3. Puff. Does not allow the legs to “diverge”. Holds them firmly at the bottom.
4. Run. Attaches the rafter legs at the top of the system (ridge girder) and on the sides (side girder).
5. Lathing. Mounted strictly perpendicular to the beams. Made from cut timber or boards.
6. Racks/struts. They “add” even more durability to the legs.
7. Overhang. Protects the main structures of the building from various natural precipitations.
8. Horse. The place where the slopes are fixed.
9. fillies. Create an overhang. Necessary when the rafters do not have the required length.

Let's figure this out constituent elements rafter system, like a truss. It is made flat, and, in addition to stretching, it includes braces and the beams themselves. All these parts are fixed in such a way that the load on the main structures is vertical.

In the case where the span is quite large, the truss is made of several components. The lower part of the truss is the ceiling of the attic. Exact number farms is determined after serious calculations at each specific site.

Types of rafter systems for different types of roofs

All design options are determined by two main types of rafter systems: hanging and layered.

Hanging

Ideal for gable roof types, with small spans - up to 5 m, without internal partitions. The lower support is the Mauerlat. In such a system, tightening is used, which reduces the thrust of the structure on the main supports of the building.

The hanging rafter beams are located below - they also act as floor beams. In the case where the ceiling was made of reinforced concrete structures, they can also be system tightening.

Important additions:

• You should not use legs as the main support element for the roof overhang. A more optimal option is a filly (provided that the overhang is no more than 1 m wide). The leg, with this solution, transfers the load along its entire plane to the Mauerlat.
• When the wood has a moisture content of more than 20%, you should prepare in advance for the fact that after drying the system will begin to “walk.” The solution is to use bolts as fasteners, which can always be tightened. But, an even more “advanced” option is “powerful” mounting screws.
• It is imperative to attach a wind board to the top of the roof (it should go from the Mauerlat itself to the top of the ridge). The corner is organized from the attic. This is necessary to create the most durable roof that is resistant to wind loads.

Layered

They are used for roofs with spans of 9-15 m. At the top, such rafters are attached to a ridge girder, at the bottom - to a mauerlat.

If the span is more than 15 m, then instead of a ridge girder, two side girders are installed, which are additionally attached to the posts. In the case where an attic will be created, a wall is used as a support for the layered beams.

Peculiarities:

• Any structural part of such a system should not be thicker than 5 cm.
• The surfaces of the elements must be as smooth and processed as possible.
• You need to be very careful when calculating the loads on each structural element.
• The Mauerlat must be positioned strictly horizontally relative to the vertical supports.
• Symmetry must also be adhered to when installing struts with racks.
• High-quality ventilation is the key to ensuring that your rafter system does not rot in the future.
• At the points where elements connect to stone or brick, good waterproofing is needed.

Depending on the roof shape chosen by the developer, its frame will also be different. We suggest you study various options for the most popular upper house designs.

Shed roofs

Manufactured at an angle of 13-25 degrees, such roofs have the simplest (in terms of manufacturing and installation) rafters. In the case of a small building with spans up to 5 m, a layered system is used. In cases where spans are more than 5 m, trusses are additionally used.

Gable

Also a pretty simple option. Especially when an attic or attic floor. Tilt angles - 15-63 degrees. If the main partitions are located at a distance of up to 6 m (relative to each other) - install hanging rafters. For running house sizes of 6x6 or 9x9 meters, we recommend using the following roof design diagrams.

When increasing the size of the house, it is necessary to modify (strengthen) the structure. In such cases, it is necessary to use layered technology.

Hip or hipped

With tilt angles of 20-60 degrees, and spans of no more than 13 m. A prerequisite is internal reinforcing elements. For roofs of this type, trusses are used, or rafters are installed for layered roofs.

broken roof

In its lower part it can have a slope of up to 60 degrees, in its upper part it can be flat. Due to this feature attic area gets a little bigger. The same types of rafters are used as in the version with hipped roofs. But it is recommended to use trusses.

Additional items

To create the strongest possible roof, each component The structure must be very firmly connected to the frame and other elements. In this case, it is extremely important to take into account the strength of the wind and the direction of possible mechanical loads.

Moreover, you should also pay attention to the wood. It may crack due to drying out. Therefore, it is important to create a design in which each element will “work” as harmoniously as possible.

Everything used to be structural elements the rafters were secured with notches. But this was not a very “cheap and economical pleasure”, since it was necessary to take wooden elements of a large cross-section.

So, today, not notches are used for fastening, but special bolts and dowels:

Metal linings with anti-corrosion coating are another fastener option. They are mounted on system elements using serrated plates or nails. The advantages of such fastenings are as follows:

1. Low consumption per unit of wood.
2. Easy to install.
3. High fastening speed.

Features of installation of the rafter system and mauerlats of gable roofs

I - mauerlat, II - rafter leg, III - ceiling.

Using narrow rafter legs is a “direct path” to sagging of the system in the future. To prevent this, you need to use a special grid - reinforcement, which includes struts, racks and crossbars. To create it, you need to take wood 2.2 cm thick and 15 cm wide, or use wood plates with a minimum diameter of 13 cm.

Roof rafters - Basic structure stingrays It consists of elements that can be connected to each other by crossbars, spacers, racks, etc. The material for the support beams, in addition to the most common one - wood, can be anything - metal, reinforced concrete or mixed.

The wood (timber) must have a cross-section from 40 by 150 to 100 by 250 mm. This figure depends on the distance of the legs from one another, and the number of sediment loads for a particular area (calculation is carried out separately).

The board should not be more than 5 cm in cross section. Width is directly proportional to length. For example, if your board is 5 m in length, then its width should not be less than 13 cm. The main material of the roof sheathing is also important. When choosing it, you should pay attention to the presence of knots, chips and cracks. If you can’t find the most even pieces of wood, then maximum length knots should not be more than 1/3 of the thickness of the wood.

The last step in installing roof rafters is to securely fasten each element. Staples and metal corners are the most optimal elements for these purposes. But, in modern construction, bolts are increasingly being used.