Where does sea buckthorn grow in the world. Sea buckthorn is a unique berry. Seed propagation of sea buckthorn

Sea buckthorn is a plant whose fruits contain a large amount of natural vitamins. Sea buckthorn is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases. Sea buckthorn is popularly called the "Orange Queen" and below you will understand why.

In nature, the medicinal plant sea buckthorn occurs in the form of shrubs or small trees. Trees can grow up to 3-4 meters in height. The branches are covered with small spines, the leaves are green, slightly elongated.

Sea buckthorn begins to bloom at the end of May. Sea buckthorn has oval fruits, small in size (about 10 mm), red-orange or orange-yellow.

The sea buckthorn plant grows in Russia, Europe, and Southern Siberia. Sea buckthorn prefers sandy soils, so it can be seen near ponds and lakes.

Medicinal properties of sea buckthorn

Sea buckthorn is one of those plants from which the human body benefits. Sea buckthorn improves metabolism in tissues, strengthens the walls of blood vessels, thereby making them less permeable. Also, sea buckthorn can prevent tissue oxidation, that is, prevent skin aging, as it has an antioxidant property. It can relieve tissue inflammation, improve the course of various chronic diseases, and promote wound healing. Sea buckthorn bark has an antitumor effect.

Vitamins and trace elements

Sea buckthorn berries contain vitamins C and A, groups of vitamins B, PP, P, K, E - not a single plant has such an amount of vitamins.

Biologically active substances that nature has endowed with sea buckthorn make it not only a remedy, but also a preventive one. Sea buckthorn also contains 15 different trace elements. Here are some of them: manganese, magnesium, sodium, calcium, aluminum, silicon, iron, titanium.

Sea buckthorn also contains valuable oil, organic acids, beta-carotene, sterols, phospholipids, flavonoids, alkaloids, leucoanthocyanins, phenolic acids, betaine, coumarins, inosid, rutin, pectin, serotonin, choline. It was they who made a small “bomb” from sea buckthorn, which is charged with the most valuable substances beneficial to health and beauty. daily rate useful substances can be obtained from a glass of sea buckthorn juice or 100 grams of fresh berries.

Official and traditional medicine uses this medicinal plant, both as a prophylactic and for the treatment of many diseases.

Indications for use

• avitaminosis;
• burns;
• decreased immunity;
• wounds;
• colpitis;
• bedsores;
• stomach ulcer;
• radiation damage to the mucous membranes and skin;
• peptic ulcer of the duodenum;
• erosion;
• skin diseases;
• diseases of the throat and esophagus;
• atherosclerosis;
• liver disease;
• cardiovascular diseases;
• decrease in male potency;
• nervous diseases.

Ways to use sea buckthorn

• Sea buckthorn berries are used in the form of juice, oil, syrup, water decoction or infusion. The medicinal properties of this plant are used for the speedy healing of wounds, reducing pain during various inflammatory processes.
• Inside, sea buckthorn is used for chronic diseases, diseases of the cardiovascular system, gastritis, blood diseases, lack of vitamins, duodenal ulcer and stomach.
• Externally, sea buckthorn berries are used in the form of water infusions and oils for skin diseases, burns, ulcers and long-term non-healing wounds. It is widely used in gynecological practice, with defects and injuries of the cornea of ​​the eye, eye burns, radiation and inflammatory lesions of the eyes, mucous membranes and skin.
• Sea buckthorn leaf compresses are used for rheumatoid arthritis, as they reduce pain in the joints. For baldness, an infusion of sea buckthorn fruits is used (the infusion is taken orally and rubbed into the affected area).
• Sea buckthorn oil is used in ENT practice for the treatment (oil is injected into the maxillary sinus), pharyngitis (mucous membranes are lubricated, inhalations are made), laryngitis.
• Persons working in hazardous industries are advised to do inhalations using sea buckthorn oil.

Sea buckthorn is a shrub or small tree, reaching a height of three to four meters with branches covered with small thorns and green, slightly elongated leaves.

Sea buckthorn is pollinated by the wind, blooms in late spring. The fruits are small (up to 8-10 mm), orange-yellow or red-orange, oval shape. The name for this plant "Sea buckthorn" is very apt, since its berries on very short stalks, on the branches sit very closely, as if sticking around them. The berries have a rather pleasant sweet and sour taste, as well as a peculiar, unique aroma, which rather vaguely resembles pineapple. That is why sea buckthorn is sometimes called northern, or Siberian, pineapple.

This plant has a fairly wide distribution area: from Western and Eastern Siberia to the southern regions of the European part of Russia, Moldova, the Caucasus and Ukraine.

Back in the heyday Ancient Greece a strong decoction of sea buckthorn leaves and twigs was given to horses. This was done to keep their skin healthy and shiny.

Useful properties of sea buckthorn

Sea buckthorn berries are incredibly rich in vitamins , , , , , ; flavonoids, folic acid, carotenoids, betaine, choline, coumarins, glucose, fructose and phospholipids. The berries have a fairly large amount of acids, such as: malic acid, citric, coffee and tartaric. Berries are also rich in tannins. This modest-looking berry is not deprived of macronutrients and microelements, such as: sodium, magnesium, iron, silicon, aluminum, lead, nickel, manganese, strontium and molybdenum.

The bark of the branches hides a significant amount of serotonin, which has a very beneficial effect on the central nervous system, and also delays the growth of malignant neoplasms. In the leaves of this unsightly plant, real wealth is hidden in the form of ascorbic, oleanolic and ursolic acids.

Sea buckthorn has healing properties mi. It is able to strengthen the walls of blood vessels and make them less permeable, improve tissue metabolism, has an antioxidant effect (prevents tissue oxidation, and hence aging).

Sea buckthorn relieves tissue inflammation and promotes wound healing, it can improve the course of any chronic disease due to the large amount of vitamins contained in it. Sea buckthorn bark has antitumor properties.

Inside, sea buckthorn is also used to treat diseases of the cardiovascular system, for chronic diseases, for blood diseases, gastritis, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, lack of vitamins.

With anemia and exhaustion, sea buckthorn fruits are used as food in any form. Leaves and young twigs are brewed and drunk as tea.

Almost everyone, without exception, knows about the miraculous sea buckthorn oil, which is “extracted” from fruits, and the berries contain much more of it than the pulp. The oil is very effective in the treatment of radiation damage to the skin, in thermal or chemical burns, and in the treatment of trophic ulcers. Thanks to the truly magical and miraculous powers of sea buckthorn, doctors resist gastric and duodenal ulcers, stomatitis and pulpitis. With laryngitis and pharyngitis, sea buckthorn oil is dealt with instantly. This unsurpassed remedy is subject to injuries and defects of the cornea, conjunctivitis, radiation burns of the eyes. Many dermatologists recommend sea buckthorn oil for hair growth and in cases of certain skin conditions.

Sea buckthorn oil is used to treat burns, bedsores, frostbite, senile cataracts, gastritis, diabetes, anemia, hypertension, various ulcers, atherosclerosis.

Sea buckthorn oil inhalations are used to prevent occupational respiratory diseases for those working in hazardous industries.

It has long been established that preparations made on the basis of sea buckthorn oil can greatly improve the body's tolerance to certain antitumor drugs, and sometimes even enhance their effect.

The most valuable content of sea buckthorn is tocopherol (vitamin E), which stimulates the work of all internal organs and endocrine glands. With a lack of this vitamin, there is nothing to count on active longevity, male and female strength, and reproductive ability. Together with vitamin A, vitamin E stimulates the immune system. That is why it is very good for the expectant mother to "refill" these substances for the future, ideally - even before the onset of pregnancy. If there is not enough vitamin E in the body of a pregnant woman, there are dangers of spontaneous miscarriage, prematurity, or a gene shift leading to the birth of a freak. 20 -30 g (4 - 5 teaspoons) per day of sea buckthorn oil provides daily allowance vitamin E.

Sea buckthorn will insure both a pregnant woman and a newborn. It is recommended to add sea buckthorn juice to the milk of a nursing mother from the age of one month. A few drops of juice are added to the complementary foods of the baby, with normal assimilation of the juice, quickly increasing the dose.

Dangerous properties of sea buckthorn

Sea buckthorn has some contraindications. Fortunately, there are very few of them. First of all, it is worth remembering that it is a remedy with a high content of various biologically active substances. This berry contains a lot of carotene, which can cause allergic reaction in the presence of serious violations of the immune system.

Sea buckthorn should also be used with caution in people with liver disease, pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder) and inflammation of the duodenum, since sea buckthorn contains many acids. It must be remembered that sea buckthorn increases the acidity of urine, therefore it is better to refuse it in case of urolithiasis.

Botanical characteristics of sea buckthorn

Sea buckthorn is a tall shrub or tree with many thorns. This plant has a very developed root system, which is superficial. Sea buckthorn roots go 40 cm deep into the soil. Sea buckthorn has simple leaves, alternate, located on short petioles. The leaves have two colors: they are silvery below, and the top of the leaves Green colour. This plant has female and male flowers. Sea buckthorn female flowers are yellow-green, collected in inflorescences-brushes. The male flowers of the plant differ in color from the female ones, they have a dark brown color, and they are collected in an inflorescence-ear.

The fruit of sea buckthorn is a spherical or oval drupe, juicy, sour in taste. The color of the drupe is orange and reddish. The fruits ripen from late summer to mid-autumn.

The flowering of the plant occurs in April-May. Most often, sea buckthorn is found in Europe, Asia, Mongolia, the Caucasus, India and China. Sea buckthorn grows on the banks of rivers and lakes, on slopes, in wetlands, mountains and in ravines. It is grown in gardens, on roadsides and in parks.

Planting sea buckthorn

The place for planting sea buckthorn should be sunny, which does not accumulate a lot of snow in the spring. Sea buckthorn loves light soil, however, it grows well on heavy soil. Only in heavy soil, before planting the plant, you need to apply organic fertilizers and river sand in in large numbers.

On one site, you can plant 2-3 female trees and 1 male. Or you can simply graft 3 branches from a male plant into the crown of one female tree, and this will be enough for pollination.

Early spring is the best time to plant sea buckthorn. Not only annual, but also biennial shoots are suitable for planting.

The pit for planting must be made half a meter by half a meter in size. Further, organic fertilizers and superphosphate are introduced into the pit. Then a seedling of a plant is planted and the soil is pressed tightly from above. Immediately you need to water the seedling.

3-4 years after planting, the plant will begin to bear fruit. However, sea buckthorn fruits are formed on the growth of the previous year. In old plants, the fruits fall to the ground, because their crown is high, growth decreases and it is harder to collect fruits. Therefore, you need to do pruning in old plants of branches three years ago.

Sea buckthorn breeding

Sea buckthorn can be propagated by root shoots, green and lignified cuttings and grafting by cuttings.

Reproduction by lignified cuttings is the most common method of propagating sea buckthorn. This method is carried out in April. To do this, you need to cut off annual shoots that are well developed and mature. Further, all shoots are tied into a bundle so that the bottom of all shoots is on one side, and the top is on the other. All shoots must be kept indoors at room temperature for a week. During this time, their buds will swell, after which the shoots are planted in the finished soil.

It is necessary to plant cuttings in a place that is protected from the winds, but very lit. The soil needs to be fertilized with compost or humus, and only then prepared cuttings are planted in it. Before planting, small beds should be made in which the cuttings are placed vertically. The soil needs to be pressed against the cutting. Immediately after planting, the cuttings are watered.

First, a shoot grows at the cuttings, and only then roots form, which is why the cuttings need to be watered every day. After 25-30 days roots will appear, and after these days you can reduce watering. If the right conditions are created for the cuttings, then in the end, from 70 to 90% of all cuttings will take root. Well-developed plants are transplanted into place in the garden in autumn. If the plant is still weak by autumn, then it is grown for another year and then planted in the garden.

Collection of sea buckthorn

In early September, the fruits of sea buckthorn ripen, but the collection can only be started when they are fully ripe. Collection is best done with spring steel forks.

The collection is carried out as follows: the escape must be clamped with a fork. A canopy should be hung under the branch. Next, we move the fork along the shoot, picking the berries that will fall into the canopy. During the collection, small branches of the plant may break, but this is not scary, because they will die in the fall anyway. It will be more convenient to harvest the fruits by the following method: you need to take a wooden tray with straps, upholstered in film, and hang it around the neck of the person harvesting. Thanks to this method, it will become easier and faster to collect fruits, since you can approach each branch. Immediately after harvesting, you need to remove all weeds and loosen the soil.

Sea buckthorn care

If the plant is provided with the right conditions and proper care, then the tree will produce crops for 30-40 years.

In the period from March to April, you need to prune the branches, saying plain language, the branches need to be thinned out. If this is not done, then many dry branches will appear, a lot of the crop falls on the ground, the plant will quickly grow old. It is not recommended to plant flowers or any vegetables under sea buckthorn, because it does not tolerate such a neighborhood, it needs space. As weeds appear, they must be carefully removed, the trunk circle must be mulched. When loosening the soil around the tree, it must be remembered that this plant has very fragile and superficial roots.

Sea buckthorn responds well to phosphate fertilizers. Organic fertilizers should be applied in moderation. Before planting the plant and once every 3-5 years, lime must be applied to the soil.

Sea buckthorn is a moisture-loving plant, so it needs regular watering. It is impossible to plant sea buckthorn in places of stagnant groundwater 2 meters from the surface, as this will lead not only to the fact that it will take root poorly, but also to its rapid death. To prevent the plant from dying from diseases and viruses, it is necessary to cut the drying branches.

Useful properties of sea buckthorn

Sea buckthorn is a miraculous plant that has long been famous for its healing qualities. Useful properties of sea buckthorn are used in inflammatory processes, in the presence of wounds. Sea buckthorn fruits have analgesic properties. The plant contains vitamins C and P, due to which the elasticity of the walls of blood vessels improves. Sea buckthorn strengthens.

Sea buckthorn fruits are very valuable, and they owe this to their composition: they contain sugars, ascorbic acid, tannins, organic acids and various vitamins. Due to the fact that sea buckthorn contains a complete set of vitamins, it has an antioxidant property, normalizes metabolism and improves the well-being of a person who has chronic diseases.

Sea buckthorn oil

Sea buckthorn oil is obtained from the fruits of the plant. This oil contains carotenoids, organic acids, glycerides. Most often, sea buckthorn oil is used as a multivitamin remedy. It is used when a person has suffered a serious infectious disease. Sea buckthorn oil is also recommended for.

Sea buckthorn oil is used for atherosclerosis, stomatitis, diseases of the stomach and intestines. The oil of this miracle plant can heal wounds that do not heal for a long time. The healing properties of sea buckthorn oil are used to lubricate surgical sutures after operations on the stomach, esophagus and other operations.

Dermatitis and many skin diseases are cured with sea buckthorn oil. It can be used both externally and internally. Inhalations of this oil help with diseases of the upper respiratory tract.

If it is not possible to buy ready-made sea buckthorn oil, then do not despair, it can be prepared at home easily and quickly. It is prepared in two ways. The first type of sea buckthorn oil is prepared as follows: take the fruits of the plant and squeeze the juice from them, put them in a cold place, then you will see how the oil floats to the surface. It just needs to be taken off.

The oil of the second production method has less useful properties. To prepare it, you need to take the cake and pour it with sunflower oil, leave everything in a warm room for 20 days to infuse, and then separate the oil by pressing.

Sea buckthorn oil can cure gastritis, ulcers, anemia and other diseases.

The use of sea buckthorn

In folk medicine, sea buckthorn and preparations from it are widely and quite diversely used. Tincture from the fruits of the plant is used for stomach ulcers, intestinal diseases, beriberi and dysentery. Fresh fruits are used as a multivitamin remedy for low acidity, constipation, poor metabolism.

Sea buckthorn is recommended for blood diseases, cancer, fever, liver and lung diseases. From the leaves of sea buckthorn, decoctions and infusions are prepared, which are used for burns, obesity, SARS. Sea buckthorn has a property that can lower the amount of cholesterol. Externally, sea buckthorn is used for rheumatism and in the form of baths. A decoction of sea buckthorn seeds has a laxative effect.

Sea buckthorn decoction. Take 10 grams of the fruits of the plant and pour 100 ml of boiling water over them. Put on fire for 10-15 minutes., Then remove from heat and leave to infuse for 30 minutes. After straining the finished broth, it can be used 2 tablespoons before meals.

Decoction for baldness. To prepare it, you need to take 1 tablespoon of leaves and fruits and pour them with a glass of boiling water. Leave the product to brew for 4 hours, remembering to cover the dishes with a lid. Take a decoction of 150 ml twice a day - in the morning and in the evening, before meals. And at night, you can rub the decoction into the scalp.

Treatment of cervical erosion. It is necessary to take the finished sea buckthorn oil and moisten the swabs with it. You need to change tampons every day.

For cancer of the stomach and esophagus, you need to consume 1 tablespoon of sea buckthorn fruits 3-4 times a day every day.

Sea buckthorn compresses. Take a ready-made warm decoction, soak a cloth in it and immediately apply it to the sore spot. Next, immediately apply a polyethylene bandage (layer) to the tissue. A piece of cotton should be placed on this layer, which is fixed with a bandage. We leave the compress on the sore spot for at least four hours.

Contraindications to the use of sea buckthorn

Expert editor: Sokolova Nina Vladimirovna| Phytotherapist

Education: A diploma in the specialty "Medicine" and "Therapy" received at the University named after N. I. Pirogov (2005 and 2006). Advanced training at the Department of Phytotherapy at the Moscow University of Peoples' Friendship (2008).

Sea buckthorn has long been one of the most common medicinal plants. In ancient Greece, its leaves and young branches were used to treat people and horses. But then they gradually forgot about it. And only in the last three or four decades, sea buckthorn has again become widely used.

Latin name Hippophae.

The Latin name for sea buckthorn comes from Greek name plants: hippophaes; from hippos, horse and phaos, shine. It was believed that horses fed with sea buckthorn leaves had a particularly shiny skin.

• A genus of plants in the Lochaceae family ( Eleagnaceae).
• Shrubs or trees, mostly thorny, from 0.1 to 3-6 m (rarely up to 15 m) in height.
• The leaves are alternate, narrow and long, green in small dots above, grayish-white, silvery or rusty-golden from the underside from star-shaped scales densely covering them.
• Flowers appear before leaves.
• The fruit is false (drupe), consisting of a nutlet, dressed in an overgrown, juicy and shiny receptacle. The fruits are orange or reddish, there are many of them, they are densely arranged and, as it were, “stick around” the branches (hence Russian name plants).

Other names for sea buckthorn: wax, dereza, ivotern.

Most often, when we talk about sea buckthorn, we mean Sea buckthorn, or buckthorn ( Hippophaë rhamnoides) - a dioecious shrub or tree, a species of the genus Sea buckthorn, common in temperate climate Eurasia.

Useful properties of sea buckthorn

Sea buckthorn fruits are classified as a multivitamin. They contain provitamins A, vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B6, C, E, K, etc.). Fruits contain 3-6% sugars (glucose and fructose), organic acids - malic, tartaric, etc., tannins. In the leaves and bark, the alkaloid hippofain, ascorbic acid and up to 10 different tannins were found, in the bark - up to 3% fatty oil of a different composition than in fruits and seeds.

Fatty oil accumulates in the fruits, which consists of triacylglycerols with saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated (palmitoleic, oleic) acids predominate among the latter; pectin, organic acids, tannins, flavonoids, nicotinic and folic acids, macro- and microelements (boron, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, potassium, calcium), sugars and some types of plant antibiotics.

The oil from the pulp of the fruit has a bright orange color, from the seeds it is yellowish. They differ somewhat in composition. Fruit pulp oil contains up to 0.350% carotene and carotenoids, thiamine and riboflavin, a fairly large amount (0.165%) tocopherol and a significant amount of essential fatty acids.

The plant is wind-pollinated, its flowers practically lack nectar. The so-called "sea buckthorn honey" in everyday life is a syrup made from sea buckthorn berries.

The use of sea buckthorn

Sea buckthorn fruits are used to obtain sea buckthorn oil, used in medicine. The fruits are an important winter food for birds.

Sea buckthorn juice, puree, jam, marmalade, jam, candy fillings are prepared from sea buckthorn fruits. Juice is used to obtain and flavor wine, soft drinks, liqueurs, tinctures; fresh fruits, after freezing, somewhat lose their bitterness and are used to make jelly, tinctures and jellies.

In folk medicine, sea buckthorn oil is used orally for beriberi (scurvy, night blindness), peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum. Leaves in Central Asia are used externally for rheumatism. The fruits and leaves of sea buckthorn are widely used in oriental medicine.

Sea buckthorn leaves accumulate tannins, which are the active principle of the drug - hyporamine, which has antiviral activity.

The oil has wound healing and analgesic properties, it is used to treat psoriasis, Darier's disease, burns, frostbite, eczema, ulcerative lupus, poorly healing wounds, cracks, etc.

The seeds are used as a mild laxative.

In cosmetics, nourishing skin masks are prepared from sea buckthorn oil; a decoction of fruits and branches is used for baldness and hair loss.

Sea buckthorn is used to fix sands, road slopes, ravines, for hedges. Sea buckthorn is also widely used as an ornamental plant.

Planting sea buckthorn

Choice of landing site

Sea buckthorn should be planted as far away as possible from garden soil cultivation areas. For example, choose a suitable place for planting sea buckthorn seedlings on the edge of the plot, along the road, not far from garden buildings, next to the lawn.

The roots of sea buckthorn are several weakly branching cords, extending to the sides for many meters from the plant. The roots of sea buckthorn lie shallow (20-30 cm from the surface of the earth), so they are easily damaged when digging the soil in the garden. And traumatizing even one of the roots greatly weakens the plant. This feature of the structure of the sea buckthorn root system the gardener needs to know and be sure to take into account when choosing a site for planting seedlings.

Digging the soil next to sea buckthorn is the most common cause of poor fruiting or death of this plant. An additional negative consequence of such digging is the appearance of abundant growth in places where sea buckthorn roots are damaged.

The second important condition when choosing a favorable place for planting sea buckthorn seedlings is open space. Sea buckthorn is photophilous and therefore should grow in an unshaded place in the garden.

Planting sea buckthorn seedlings

Planting sea buckthorn is no different from planting others fruit plants. Do not use fresh organic matter when planting sea buckthorn seedlings and do not abuse mineral fertilizers. You can limit yourself to a bucket of rotted compost, a handful of superphosphate (certainly double - in areas prone to acidification of the soil) and a glass of wood ash for each of the planted plants.
You can, of course, when planting a seedling of sea buckthorn, add a spoonful of good complex fertilizer.

If you are transplanting sea buckthorn, then try to dig out as many of its roots as possible (they are very long). However, if during digging it was necessary to cut the roots heavily, then cut the aerial part of the transplanted plant just as strongly. Practice shows that it is better to “overdo it” with pruning a sea buckthorn seedling than to “pity” the plant and keep too much of the aerial part.

When transplanting large sea buckthorn plants, only the main trunk (1-1.5 m long) can be left without any side branches at all.

The long roots of sea buckthorn go quite quickly and far to the sides beyond landing pit. Therefore, fertilization in the area trunk circle one or two years after planting is not as important as for plants with a more compact root system.

Sea buckthorn cultivation

Sea buckthorn is quite winter-hardy, however, in winters with sharp temperature changes, wood and, especially, the flowering rudiments of male plants freeze slightly. Generative buds in sea buckthorn are laid on the growth of the current year. Yields are highly dependent on weather conditions. The seed offspring of sea buckthorn enters fruiting at 4-5 years, vegetative - at 3-4 years.

Sea buckthorn blooms simultaneously with the beginning of leaf growth, male and female flowers are inconspicuous, without aroma. The fruits ripen simultaneously in 90-100 days after flowering. The shape of the fruit varies from spherical to oblong-oval, cylindrical, fruit weight from 0.07 to 1.1 g, color from light yellow to red.

The root system of sea buckthorn is located mainly in the upper horizons of the soil, which should be taken into account when growing it in the garden. In natural thickets, sea buckthorn spreads most often due to offspring that appear on the roots of the first order, lying at a depth of 5-15 cm. After 2-3 years, the offspring bear fruit, but their own root system develops weakly and the connection with the mother plant remains.

interesting and important feature root system of sea buckthorn is the presence of nodules. The works of many researchers have established the nitrogen-fixing role of nodule formations of sea buckthorn. Sometimes, out of ignorance, nodules are mistaken for root cancer, they are cut off, which significantly reduces the survival rate of seedlings and impairs their growth.

Sea buckthorn belongs to light-loving plants. In dense plantings, in the shade of tall plants and when standing densely in natural thickets, it grows upwards and weakly branches. Young offspring plants die from lack of light.

Sea buckthorn breeding

In the conditions of amateur gardening, sea buckthorn is propagated only vegetatively: woody or green cuttings, grafting, root offspring.

Propagation by woody cuttings

Lignified cuttings with a thickness of at least 5 mm are harvested in November and stored in the snow. In the spring they are cut to a length of 15-20 cm, soaked in water for 2-3 days and kept with the lower ends in a solution of heteroauxin (200 ml per 1 liter of water) for a day. You can keep the cuttings in water for 10-12 days. During this time, the buds will begin to bloom and the beginnings of roots may appear.

The site for planting cuttings is prepared in advance. For autumn digging, 6-8 kg of humus is added per 1 m (on heavy soils, in addition, 3-4 buckets of sand) and 80-100 g of superphosphate.

In the spring, the soil is again dug up to half the bayonet of a shovel and carefully leveled. The width of the ridge should be no more than 1 m. The ridge should not be raised high, it is best to trample the paths on the sides so that the ridge rises slightly above the rest of the territory.

When the soil temperature at a depth of 15 cm is not lower than 5 degrees, the cuttings are planted on the beds. One or two buds are left above the soil surface. After planting, the cuttings are watered abundantly and the soil is mulched with humus. For better rooting of the cuttings, the ridge can be covered with a film before planting, or after planting, install wire arcs and pull the film over them. In the presence of film greenhouses, cold nurseries, frames, lignified cuttings 3-4 cm long can be planted (according to the 4x4 cm scheme).

After planting, it is necessary to monitor the soil moisture: long cuttings are watered once every 3-4 days, short ones - daily. The temperature in film shelters should not exceed 27-30°C. By the end of the season, some of the seedlings reach standard sizes, in the spring of next year they can be transplanted to permanent place. The remaining seedlings grow one more season.

For transplantation, only seedlings with a root length of 20 cm, a height of the aerial part of 50 cm and a diameter at the root collar of at least 8 mm are taken.

Reproduction by green cuttings

This method is leading in the conditions industrial production, but amateur gardeners can also use it. When propagating by green cuttings, it is necessary to have a small greenhouse, greenhouse or frame. By June 15-20, a ridge is prepared in a greenhouse or frame: a layer of gravel 10-15 cm high is poured, then a layer of fertile soil 10-12 cm high and a mixture of peat and sand in a ratio of 1/3 5 cm high. The surface of the ridge is leveled, slightly compacted and watered abundantly.

In the second or third decade of June, cuttings are prepared. By this time, on the mother plants, the shoots should be 12-15 cm long. After cutting the cuttings, 2-3 bottom sheet are removed. The cuttings are tied into bundles and the lower ends are lowered into a solution of heteroauxin (150-200 mg per 1 liter of water). After 14-16 hours, they are removed from the solution, washed and planted on the beds. You can also plant cuttings that have not been treated with a growth substance.

Rooting of green cuttings depends on compliance with the regime of humidity and air temperature. Immediately after planting, a refreshing spraying of the cuttings should be carried out. In hot weather in the first days after planting, spraying should be repeated after 0.5-1 hour, in cloudy weather - after 2-3 hours. The air humidity in the greenhouse should be at the level of 90-100%, and the temperature should not be lower than 30 ° C. A good effect when rooting the cuttings is to shade them with shingles.

Two weeks after planting, adventitious roots will begin to appear. From this time on, the cuttings are watered abundantly, but less often (1-2 times a day). Plants are gradually accustomed to the outside air. About a month after the roots appear (early August), the film is removed. Every 6-7 days, phosphorus-potassium supplements are carried out at the rate of 40-50 g of superphosphate and 20-25 g of potassium salt per 10 liters of water.

After the soil has frozen, the seedlings in the greenhouse or frame are covered with coniferous paws or straw. In winter they need to be covered with snow. After growing, they are transplanted to a permanent place only in the spring.

In the conditions of an amateur garden, combined cuttings can also be rooted. In this case, the cuttings are cut with a length of annual growth of 12-15 cm, but with 12-15 cm of growth of the previous year (total length of the cutting is 25-30 cm). If there are lateral branches, they are removed into a ring. Experience indicates a high survival rate of such cuttings in a film greenhouse, even with rare irrigation.

When performing an oblique cut on a rootstock and a scion, it must be taken into account that the tissues of sea buckthorn are very loose, they crumble heavily and quickly turn black. These circumstances require a very careful point of the knife, the speed of operations, the coincidence of the cambial layers of the rootstock and scion, and tight tying. The upper cut of the cuttings is covered with petrolatum or plasticine.

In the presence of good growths, grafting with a cutting can be performed on a male plant with a female one and vice versa.

Budding

The leading method of propagation of fruit plants - grafting with eyes is not very suitable for sea buckthorn, since the eyes do not take root well due to the low activity of dividing the cambial layers of the rootstock and scion. The best results can be obtained by grafting the eyelet into the stock with a tongue.

Sea buckthorn pests

sea ​​buckthorn moth

Found in Transbaikalia. During the swelling of the kidneys, the caterpillars penetrate inside and eat them away. In summer, they form nests, pulling together 4-6 leaves on the tops of the shoots with a web. Caterpillars pupate in the topsoil. Butterflies fly out in late July-early August, and a month later they lay their eggs on the bark at the bottom of the trunks and in fallen leaves.

• Control measures: Candidate of Agricultural Sciences VV Dankov considers spraying at the beginning of bud break with 0.4-0.6% chlorophos to be the most effective in the fight against sea buckthorn moth.

sea ​​buckthorn fly

It is considered the most dangerous pest of sea buckthorn, capable of destroying the entire crop. Distributed in Altai. The flight of the fly begins in the second half of June and continues until mid-August. Pest larvae hatch a week after laying, penetrate into fruits and feed on their pulp. The berries shrivel, darken and fall off. After three weeks, the larvae go into the soil. There they pupate and overwinter.

• Control measures: Experts consider spraying in mid-July with 0.2% chlorophos to be a highly effective means of control.

sea ​​buckthorn aphid

The pest and its larvae damage sea buckthorn leaves. Sea buckthorn aphids overwinter in the egg stage near the buds. During bud break, light green larvae suck the juice from young leaves, and then after the leaves open, they settle on their underside. Winged female settlers give rise to new colonies of aphids. Damaged leaves turn yellow prematurely, curl and fall off.

• Control measures: Experts recommend using decoctions and infusions of potato and tomato tops, tobacco leaves, onion husks and garlic bulbs in the fight against aphids and add to solutions laundry soap. As a chemical means of control, spraying in the phase of leaf blooming with 10% karbofos is recommended.

Sea buckthorn gall mite

Damages sea buckthorn leaves. Winters in the axils of the kidneys. This is a very small pest of milky white color, and you can only see it under a magnifying glass. During bud break, mites suck juices from young leaves, and then from blossoming ones. Flat swellings - galls are formed on the leaves. Damaged deformed leaves fall off prematurely.

• Control measures: the same as with sea buckthorn aphids.

Sea buckthorn diseases

verticillium wilt

The most dangerous fungal disease of sea buckthorn. Distributed in all regions of its cultivation. Experts have found that the causative agent of the disease clogs the conductive system of sea buckthorn, and the plant dies. In affected plants, on some or on all branches, the leaves turn yellow and fall off in August, the fruits shrivel, swellings appear on the bark, and then crack. Plants die very quickly, literally the next year.

• Control measures: Currently, this disease is not treatable, and no measures have been found to combat it. Experts advise not to harvest cuttings for propagation from sea buckthorn with signs of the disease, but to dig out the affected plants, burn them and not plant sea buckthorn in this place for several years.

Amateur gardeners have already appreciated sea buckthorn and gladly accepted it into cultivation. Little known in the recent past, the shrub has firmly become one of the best multivitamin plants.

The first thing gardeners pay attention to when describing a sea buckthorn plant is the difficulty in picking its berries. Indeed, while the fruits are not yet ripe, it is impossible to remove them from the bush. And when they reach maturity, they literally burst in the hands. The name of the plant comes from the way sea buckthorn looks like - its numerous berries tightly stick around thorny branches, and in the absence of special devices, they cannot be harvested.

What sea buckthorn looks like: photo and description

In hoary antiquity, sea buckthorn was widely known and revered as an effective remedy and a delicacy product. In our country, only one of its species grows - sea buckthorn, which is a deciduous shrub or tree, usually from 1.5 to 3 m in height. The leaves are narrow, lanceolate, green above, silvery below. The fruits are yellow-orange or red.

Sea buckthorn is a dioecious plant. On females, the flowers are pistillate, fruits are tied, the crop ripens. On males - staminate flowers with pollen, which is carried only by the wind. No insects are involved in the fertilization process. For several female plants, you must have at least one male.

Gender differences become noticeable only 2-3 years after planting the seedling, when the plant enters the fruiting season.

The buds of male plants are 2-3 times larger than female ones, covered with several large dense brown scales. There are up to ten of them. At the very beginning of flowering, the buds of males are surprisingly similar to miniature pineapple fruits with a tassel, and before and after flowering they look like small pine cones. The kidneys of females are much smaller. They are covered with two covering scales and resemble a back little beetle with folded wings.

In conditions southern region sea ​​buckthorn blooms in early - mid-April, simultaneously with the appearance of the first leaves. Flowering lasts approximately one decade. Two or three windy days are enough for normal pollination.

Fruiting occurs on the growth of the previous year. Therefore, the better the conditions and care were in the past year, the longer the growth turned out to be by autumn and a larger harvest can be expected.

Description of the best varieties of sea buckthorn

In amateur gardens, forms of various ripening periods, varying degrees of thorniness, different shapes and berry colors. Check out the photos and descriptions of sea buckthorn varieties that are most popular with gardeners.

"Botanical"- a bush of medium height, spreading with a rounded umbrella-shaped crown, medium roundness. The fruits are elongated, yellow-orange, shiny, with an average weight of 0.7 g. The separation of berries is semi-dry and light.

"Golden Cob"- grade early term maturation. Trees with a compressed compact crown. Branches short, well branched.

As can be seen in the photo of this variety of buckthorn-shaped sea buckthorn, its fruits are oval, light orange, almost yellow:

Photo gallery

"Baikal" - universal grade average maturity. The bush is undersized, slightly sprawling. Spines are located in the upper part of the shoot, short, thin, weak, solitary. The berries are medium, oval. The color of the berries is red-orange with dark-colored stripes.

"Golden Spit"- the plant is medium-sized, the roundness is small. The variety is more technical. Suitable for all types of processing, but especially tasty juice with pulp. The fruits are small, yellow, with a short stalk.

"Baltic Surprise"- the crown is tall (up to 3 m), sprawling. The fruits are small, red-orange, ovoid, moderately sour taste, dry separation of fruits. Ripening time - late (end of September). This one of the best varieties sea ​​buckthorn is valued for a combination of such indicators as disease resistance, absence of thorns, high oil content, dry separation of fruits, stable yield.

"Capital". The bush is medium tall, with a pyramidal crown. Shoots are straight, greenish-brown with a silvery coating, rusty at the top. The spines are at an acute angle to the shoot.

See how sea buckthorn of this variety looks in the photo - its fruits are large, orange-shiny with a red "tan" at the base:

Photo gallery

"Oil". The crown is well branched. There are few thorns. Fruits on thin, hanging branches, leaf blades are smooth, narrower than other varieties, dark green, densely silvery on the underside. The bark is dark brown with a grayish tint, the fruits are ovoid, brown-red, come off with the stalk and are not crushed. Ripens at the end of August.

"Orange". Crown of medium density, oval. Shoots are brownish-green with summer branches. The leaves are yellowish-green, yellowish on the underside. According to the description, the berries of this variety of sea buckthorn are similar to the fruits of the Golden Cob variety, but have an orange-red color. The length of the stem is 7-10 mm. Ripens in the second half of September.

"Abundant". The plant is very tall, the crown is medium spreading, rounded. The leaves are large, green, slightly concave, with a twisted tip, with yellow pubescence at the midrib. The fruits are cylindrical, dark orange. Ripens at the end of August. Suitable for fresh consumption. They are processed into juice, jam, compote, etc. The length of the stem is 2-3 mm. The average yield per plant is 16 kg, the maximum is 20 kg.

"Giant". The crown is round-conical, of medium density, with a pronounced leader, branches of medium thickness. The bark is brownish gray. The shoots are well developed, light green at the bottom and dark green with pubescence at the top. The leaves are dark green, long, folded in a boat so that their underside is visible. Fruits are cylindrical, orange. Ripens in the second half of September. At 5 years of age, yields up to 9 kg. Fruits can be consumed fresh or processed into juice, compote, jam, etc.

Large sweet and sour varieties of sea buckthorn

Below is a description of the varieties of buckthorn-shaped sea buckthorn, which are characterized by large fruit and a pleasant sweet and sour taste.

"Botanical Amateur" has a tall bush, a medium spreading crown, slightly pyramidal. The leaves are light green, strongly pubescent, with a silvery coating. Roundness is weak. Fruits are oval, orange-yellow, large (12.5 x 10 mm). The taste is sour with a slight aroma, the pulp is juicy. Fruit separation is dry and light.

"Vorobievskaya"- medium-sized variety, sprawling bush, with weakly spiny shoots at the top. large fruits cylindrical shape similar to dogwood, orange-red, with a red spot on top.

"Muscovite". The bush is compact, medium-sized, with a slightly pyramidal crown. Medium maturity variety.

Pay attention to the photo of this variety of sea buckthorn - its fruits are dark orange, large, sweet and sour, fragrant:

Photo gallery

"News of Altai". The variety is winter-hardy, plant height up to 4 m. It has a wide spreading strong crown. There are no thorns. The branches are slightly drooping. Leaf blades are large, dark green above, silvery below. Stem bark light brown. The fruits are round, bright orange, with red spots on the ends. The taste is sweet and sour, without bitterness. Ripens at the end of August.

"Golden". Plant of medium strength, growth up to 2.7 m. Crown of medium density, spreading. The bark of the shoots is brown. The spine is weak. The leaves are dark green, concave, wide. The length of the stem is 2-3 mm. it large variety sea ​​buckthorn with oval, orange fruits of sweet and sour taste.

"Excellent". Plant of medium vigor. The crown is sparse, spreading, the shoots are brown, of medium thickness, there are no summer shoots and thorns. The leaves are long, boat-shaped, green with a yellowish coating on the underside. The fruits are cylindrical, orange, large, sweet and sour taste.

"Nugget". Plant of medium height, height up to 2.5 m. Crown of medium density. The bark is brown, there are summer shoots. The spine is weak. The leaf blade is green, yellowish on the underside, flat, wide. The length of the stem is 3-4 mm. Fruits are orange, oval, large, sour. The yield of 5-year-old trees is from 9.5 to 11.7 kg. Fruits ripen at the end of August - suitable fresh and for processing.

Chuyskaya- has a low bush with a spreading crown. The thorniness is very weak, mainly at the ends of the shoots. Begins bearing early. The fruits are large, oval-cylindrical, orange. The sweet and sour fruits of this variety of sea buckthorn ripen at the end of July.

"Smart"- a bush of medium height, with a compact spreading crown, thick, straight, slightly spiky shoots. The fruits are large, oval-round, red-orange with a "tan" at the stalk and in the upper part; detachment of fruits is dry, light. The taste is sweet and sour. The fruits ripen in August.

"Yellow Early"- a bush of medium height, with a medium spreading crown, straight thick, light brown shoots, practically without thorns. The fruits are large, oval-round, amber-yellow with a red spot at the stem. The detachment of fruits at the beginning of mass ripening is dry, the taste is sweet and sour with a pleasant aroma. The fruits ripen in mid-July.

"Caramel"- the plant is undersized (up to 1.9 m), the crown is sprawling, the shoots are without thorns. The fruits are large, orange, oblong, with a long stem. The fruits have a pleasant sweet and sour taste. The separation of fruits is wet. Early ripening - mid-July.

"Dubovchanka"- the plant is stunted, compact, the shoots are not thorny. The fruits are large, orange-yellow, conical-oval, with a pleasant sweet-sour taste. Fruit separation is light, dry, the stalk is long, convenient for harvesting. The average ripening period is the end of July.

Conditions for growing and caring for buckthorn buckthorn

When breeding sea buckthorn, the growing conditions of the crop must be given Special attention. Sea buckthorn is a photophilous plant, you can not plant it in the shade of a tree or building. Therefore, the sunniest place in the garden is assigned to this culture with a placement scheme of 2? 2 m

For planting and caring for sea buckthorn, light-textured soils are optimal, with good air mode, moisture-intensive, seasoned with organic matter. Sea buckthorn does not tolerate heavy clays.

The root system of sea buckthorn is powerful, well branched, reaching in tall plants up to 10 meters or more along the trunk radii.

Up to 90% of the active roots of sea buckthorn are in the soil layer from 10 to 40 cm. Moreover, large skeletal, conductive roots, similar to ropes, are found close to the soil surface. They are easily torn when loosening, injured by a hoe. Therefore, near the stem, soil deeper than 5 cm should not be cultivated. The root layer is relatively small and dries up quickly. Regular watering is required, impregnating the soil by 50 cm.

Before growing sea buckthorn, the soil must be enriched with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements. There is an opinion that nitrogen does not need to be applied under sea buckthorn, since on its roots, like clover, and others, there are nodules with bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen. But this is not enough: there are few nodules, they are far from being formed everywhere and not immediately, therefore they are not able to fully supply the plants with nitrogen.

How to grow sea buckthorn and care for bushes: top dressing and fertilizer

When growing and caring for sea buckthorn, nitrogen fertilization should be excluded from the second half of summer. At this time, they will already delay the ripening of fruits and the preparation of the plant for winter.

Potassium, like nitrogen, is easily washed out by melt, rain and irrigation water. Do not forget to replenish its reserves in the soil. For example, the introduction of ash containing both phosphorus.

Phosphorus, third required element nutrition, sparingly soluble in water. Therefore, superphosphate should be dissolved in heated water. This property of phosphorus can be used to create centers of plant nutrition for 3-4 years.

In the process of how to care for sea buckthorn, remember that young, diseased or oppressed plants perfectly absorb foliar top dressing produced by a sprayer. In spring - carbamide (1 tablespoon per 10 liters of water), in summer - complete mineral fertilizer, preferably with trace elements of the same concentration. From the second half of summer - and.

To obtain abundant yields, intensive plant nutrition is necessary not only with mineral supplements, but also with organic fertilizers (mullein infusion diluted with water 1:10, or bird droppings - 1:20).

How to propagate sea buckthorn: planting and growing seeds and shoots

There are several ways to propagate sea buckthorn: chamois, shoots, layering, lignified and green cuttings, budding, grafting.

Growing sea buckthorn from seeds is the cheapest and fastest way to increase planting material. From seed a good half of the seedlings will turn out to be male, but this will become clear only in the 4th or 5th year, when they enter the time of puberty.

Before propagating sea buckthorn, the soil should warm up well. In the grooves 5 cm deep, spilled with the Fitosporin solution, the seeds are laid out 5 cm apart and 1-2 cm of sand or peat are poured on top. The distance between the grooves is 40 cm. To create a greenhouse effect, they are covered with a film on a low frame.

When seed growing sea buckthorn after planting, when two true leaves appear, the first thinning is performed, the second - with five pairs of leaves. Extra seedlings can be planted in places where seedlings were sparse. In the future, you need to ensure that the soil is always wet. Three times during the summer, "Fitosporin-M" should be added to the irrigation water, which will prevent the disease of crops with the "black leg". Seedlings are transplanted to a permanent place with a distance of 1 m from each other. After a few years, extra male specimens are removed and plantings are adjusted so that the distance between plants is at least 2-2.5 m.

When propagating with layering, a low-lying branch is pressed and pinned to the ground, leaving only its top on the surface, sprinkled with soil, which is constantly kept moist. Soon the branch takes root and sprouts in the spring, cutting it, several seedlings are obtained.

Growing buckthorn-shaped sea buckthorn is possible and shoots - this is an excellent planting material. To use it, you need in early spring spud the offspring with damp earth by about 15 cm, keep this mound moist. At the end of summer or at the beginning of autumn, and even better in the early spring of the next year, they rake the mound with their hands or wash it with water from a hose, carefully sharp knife in the horizontal direction, the shoots are separated from the maternal root (by this time it will acquire its own roots) and transplanted to a permanent place.

Such a transplant should be done in autumn or spring before the leaves bloom, like all plantings and transplants of sea buckthorn. Further care is usual: systematic watering, surface loosening, top dressing, weed removal.

What is contained in sea buckthorn: composition and useful properties

Due to its composition and beneficial properties, sea buckthorn is the most valuable food and medicinal plant. Vitamin-rich juices, syrups, jellies are prepared from berries. In combination with sugar 1: 1.5, they are perfectly stored in room conditions, do not grow moldy, do not wander. To preserve vitamins, berries are never boiled. Sea buckthorn contains carotenoids (provitamin A), vitamins C1, B1, B2, B6, K1, E, P, folic acid, carbohydrates, organic acids (malic, tartaric, oxalic), tannins, fatty acids, nitrogen-containing compounds, trace elements and phytoncides.

All parts of sea buckthorn have beneficial properties: healing substances are contained in the fruits, and in the leaves, and in the bark of the branches, and in the roots.

Sea buckthorn, as a champion in biologically active substances, has long been transferred from simply tasty and healthy to the category of medicinal crops.

In ancient medicine of Greece, China, Mongolia, Siberia, sea buckthorn was used as a tonic, vitamin, antiscrofulous, antisclerotic, wound healing agent. With skin diseases, rheumatism, gout, gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory diseases, even with chronic inflammation of the lungs, polyarthritis, as an astringent antidiarrheal agent.

Biologically active substances of sea buckthorn increase immunity, the body's resistance to infections, colds and various adverse conditions.

There is more ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in sea buckthorn than in blackcurrant. Some varieties even come close to wild rose. Vitamins C and P enhance each other's action and together give small and large blood vessels elasticity, allowing them to stretch and prevent hemorrhages. Vitamin K also contributes to this. If we consider that sea buckthorn contains anti-sclerotic substances, then the beneficial effect of sea buckthorn on those suffering from cardiovascular diseases becomes clear. Vitamins K, B1 and sea buckthorn coumarins normalize blood clotting and at the same time prevent the formation of blood clots.

What else is contained in sea buckthorn, cultivated in amateur gardening? Its fruits contain a lot of serotonin. This substance, together with vitamins B1 and B2, as well as succinic acid, discovered several years ago in sea buckthorn, play a large role in the normalization of central nervous system, in the processes of excitation and inhibition. The effectiveness of the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, including peptic ulcers, with sea buckthorn products is well known. Sea buckthorn juice and oil have a strong bactericidal effect, inhibiting typhoid and paratyphoid salmonella, staphylococci, streptococcus aureus.

It is known that the May foliage of growing sea buckthorn is bacteriostatic and does not allow the number of bacteria in the air to increase, and already “grown up” (June) is bactericidal, deadly for microorganisms.

Sea buckthorn contains ursolic, oleanolic and adsorbic acids, betaine and beta-sitosterol. These substances, plus vitamins A and E, successfully treat a number of gynecological diseases.

What does sea buckthorn treat and how to use it in folk medicine

Sea buckthorn oil has special healing properties: it is widely used in the treatment of dozens of skin diseases, various burns, frostbite. With hair loss, beginning baldness, brittle nails, sea buckthorn oil, a source of vitamin A, is effective.

Given the benefits of sea buckthorn, the oil from its berries is recommended for use during radiation therapy for cancer of the esophagus and throat. Sea buckthorn products help to remove heavy metal salts and various toxins from the body, generously supplied with polluted air, food, water and produced by the body itself.

Sea buckthorn can also be used as an excellent cosmetic product, because cases of allergy to these berries are extremely rare. In cosmetic practice, the juice is used as an emollient, tonic, nourishing and skin firming agent.

There are two known contraindications for the treatment of sea buckthorn or the consumption of its products in significant quantities. These are pancreatitis, that is, inflammation of the pancreas, and cholelithiasis.

Remember! Without consulting a doctor, do not self-medicate, because the most useful, tasty and harmless plant in excessive quantities can be dangerous.

In medical practice, sea buckthorn oil is widely used, which can be successfully made at home. In Bulgarian herbal medicine, for example, instead of oil, it is recommended to apply fresh fruits to the affected areas of the skin.

Traditional medicine recommends sea buckthorn oil for oral administration. It improves lipid metabolism in the liver, protects biological membranes from the damaging effects of chemical agents, is indicated after operations on the esophagus, suffering from cancer and other diseases.

What else does sea buckthorn treat and why are its fruits valuable? For the prevention of diseases of the upper respiratory tract, inhalations with sea buckthorn oil are recommended.

Fresh fruits and sea buckthorn juice have a bactericidal effect, stimulate digestion. They are recommended for low acidity of gastric juice, atonic constipation, used in the complex treatment of patients with toxic hepatitis, prescribed as a natural multivitamin.