Characteristics of power cables of various types. Deciphering the marking of wires and cables. Cross connection at gigabit speed

Electric wires must carry out the transfer of electrical energy from the source to the consumer. These products must perform their tasks for a long time, be reliable, and prevent malfunctions. These products include cables and wires. They are used in almost every industry and human life. Electrical wires are required to form a closed circuit electric current, preventing its loss in this circuit. People who do not understand electrical engineering do not distinguish between different types electrical wires, attribute all species to one category.

But this is absolutely not true. Power wires are used in different working conditions, on different highways, have many differences in application, their structure is differently arranged, they have design features. Lines of electrical networks can consist of both overhead wires and underground cables.

Branching of the cable to overhead line carried out for special purposes required by local conditions.

Electric wires

The wire has the simplest design, which can be divided into two parts:

1. The core is made of metal, designed to conduct electric current.
2. An insulating layer that protects the core from contact with foreign conductors, in order to avoid unauthorized leakage of current.

Air around the metal core instead of a sheath of dielectric materials can also act as insulation. In this case, the wire is made bare, and the places where the wire is attached along its path on the supporting structures (pillars) are made in the form of insulators (glass, ceramic).

The conductors that conduct electric current are made of copper alloys and copper, as well as aluminum. Most innovative material the conductive core is currently a composite aluminum-copper. It is designed to make better use of the properties of copper and aluminum.

To perform special tasks, conductors made of steel alloys, as well as nichrome and silver, are used. In some cases, gold is used in the veins for special equipment.

Features of the structure of the conductive core

The vein can be in the form:

• Solid wire (single core), having a certain length.
• Twisted from the thinnest wires (multicore) acting in parallel.

Wires with one wire are much easier to make. They have a rigid shape, are used to supply electric current when rigidly attached to supports, have low resistance when transmitting low-frequency currents, direct current.

The cores, consisting of many wires, have a very flexible shape, conduct high-frequency current well.

Types of wires

Often a wire is a product in which one core is made of wire. But electrical wires may have multiple strands, twisted or twinned, with three or more strands.

Electrical cable

The cable has a more complex design, it is designed for reliable operation under the aggressive action of negative environmental factors.

The number of conductors conducting current is selected according to the operating conditions. They are isolated from each other.

The cable may have auxiliary elements:

• Protective braid made of steel, wire armor or plastic.
• Filler.
• Core.
• outdoor screen.

Each element performs its purpose functions for certain conditions.

Electricians should know the main groups, which include cables and electrical wires:

• Power, operating in installations for any voltage.
• Control, transmit data parameters of different systems.
• Controls are used to give signals and commands automatically or manually.
• Communications, for the exchange of signals at different frequencies.

A separate group includes cables for special purposes:

• Emitting, used to supply high frequency radio signals.
• Heaters convert electricity into heat.

Conductors

Cable cores are made according to the same rules as wire cores, from various materials, with one conductor, or stranded, protected by a layer of insulation. According to the flexibility of the structure, the cables are divided into 7 groups. Group No. 1 includes cables that are difficult to bend, have a monocore. The most flexible group is #7. Cables of this group are the most expensive.

Before installation, electrical wires with multi-wire flexible conductors are equipped with special lugs in the form of tubes (terminators). In the case of a solid wire, tubes are not installed, since this makes no sense.

shell

It performs the function of protecting the core and isolating it from environmental damage, creates tightness from moisture and other factors, contains several layers of shielding and reinforcing elements.

The shell may consist of:

• Plastic.
• Fabrics.
• Metal.
• Reinforced rubber.

Plastic-based materials are used for:

• Insulation of cores and wires with increased dielectric characteristics.
• The formation of a hose with high tightness, which protects against damage and short circuits, with a structure of elements placed in it.

Cable paper impregnated with a special composition is used in high voltage cables up to 35 kilovolts. Cross-linked polyethylene is used to form the insulating properties of a cable operating in electrical devices up to 500 kilovolts with increased reliability and a long service life.

For high voltage circuits up to 500 kilovolts, cables filled with oil were previously produced. They consisted of shielded wires installed inside a sealed cavity filled with oil. After cross-linked polyethylene began to be used, the design of oil cables became irrelevant.

Security conditions

Cable products are subjected to a special assessment, which includes:

• Behavior of the cable when shorting in the channel.
• Can the cable withstand long overloads.
• Behavior of the cable in open fire, the possibility of spreading fire in case of fire.
• The presence of toxic substances during combustion.

The occurrence of short circuits

During the closure of the cores, a high temperature is formed, which is transmitted to other cables located nearby, heats them up, and can provoke combustion. As a result of this, gases are formed that create an increased pressure, and the tightness of the cable channel is violated. Further, air enriched with oxygen enters the channel, a fire develops.

Long overloads

A large electric current heats the metal conductors and the dielectric layer of insulation together with the sheath. Begin chemical reactions, destroying the insulating layer, gases are formed that mix with air, a fire flame is formed.

fire spread

Sheath made of plastic and some grades of polyethylene may cause fire. This allows a fire to start. The greatest danger arises when the cables are arranged vertically.

According to the spread of burning, electrical wires are divided into:

• Usual.
• Non-flammable in single laying: horizontally and vertically.
• Flame retardant, made of several gaskets: horizontally and vertically.
• Fire resistant.

Release of harmful substances

A record of the cable's response to an external fire is kept. Insulation can release harmful substances simply when heated, without burning. These cables should not be used in public places.

Cable Requirements

To increase reliability and safe operation, cables are evaluated by:

• Fire resistance.
• resistance to heat insulation.
• end cutting method.
• Protect from moisture.

Electrical cord

Cord construction is a product that is intermediate between a cable and an insulated wire. The cord is made according to special technology to create flexibility and long-lasting performance.

The cord is used to create a connection between the mains supply and a mobile electrical device. Household appliances equipped with cords include: kettles, irons, lamps, etc.

Marking

To distinguish electrical wires are marked under the following circumstances:

• At the factory during manufacture.
• When installing.

The label includes:

• Insulation color code.
• Shell inscriptions.
• Labels and tags.

Marking allows you to:

• Find out the purpose and design of the cable.
• Make a property analysis.
• Make an appraisal.

Marking during operation adds information to the available information and is produced by inscriptions and tags, which indicate the schemes and ways of laying the cable, lived between the elements. Marking can be supplemented with electronic markers. This makes it possible to identify a cable in a large cluster of cables.

European marking

Wire identification by color

The wire insulation is painted along the entire length in one color, or color marks are applied. The standard defines the order in which the markup for certain colors is applied.

For green and yellow flowers only their combination on the marking of one shell is allowed. Separate marking with these colors is prohibited. This color marking serves to identify protected conductors.

A light blue color is used to highlight the middle conductors. The electrical wires of the phases are marked in black, gray and brown.

Identification of wire insulation using letters and numbers

Such marking methods define the constituent parts of wire and cable designs. But they don't have complete list wire information. Such information should be sought in specialized literature.

Today, few people imagine their life without the use of electrical appliances. However, electricity is not only a guarantee comfortable life but also a source of danger. When thinking about electrifying your own home or about repairs that involve changing wiring, you need to carefully consider the issue of fire safety.

In addition, it will be important to choose the best wires for electrical wiring, taking into account specific conditions. The nuances of choice and varieties will be discussed below.

Varieties

Consider the types of wires and their purpose for internal and external (street) conduction of the electrical network. The material for the manufacture are copper and aluminum.

Today, preference is given to wires with copper conductors, since this metal has much less resistance. Copper wire is able to give more power and pass more current than aluminum, despite the same cross section.

In addition, the service life of the copper product is longer. However, aluminum is a cheaper metal, so relatively recently it has been widely used in the arrangement of wiring in residential buildings.

The number of veins also serves as the basis for the selection of varieties. Allocate single-core and stranded wires. The former are rigid and do not bend well, the main direction of their use is the creation of simple hidden wiring.

The latter are able to bend repeatedly, have a high degree of softness. Used as cords to connect a variety of household appliances, to create extensions. Suitable for mounting open wiring. The main safety requirement for stranded wires is the presence of a double braid.

It is important to remember that the connection different metals twisting is strictly prohibited. Oxidation will occur, or heating and loss of contact. It is correct to do the wiring with only one type of wire (in terms of the material of manufacture).

As for the main types of wire insulation, there are several of them: rubber, PVC (the most popular option), paper (very rarely used) and fluoroplastic (the most reliable).

Hidden wiring

Marking electrical wires allows you to understand their characteristics. The abbreviation may contain letters indicating the material and numbers indicating the cross section and number of cores.

Marking of non-armored aluminum wire will be AVVG (VVG). In the absence of the letter "A", we can conclude that we have copper wire. Hidden wiring in a dry residential area or office, it can be made from wires of the AVVG brand.

The letter "G" means the absence of protective insulation, literally "bare" wire. Non-combustible modifications are designated as VVGng. Reduced smoke emission VVGNG-LS.

You can also use SHVVP - a flat copper wire of a stranded type. The cross section of this variety is not more than 0.75 mm2.

outdoor wiring

Wooden houses, as well as retro-style interiors, involve outdoor wiring. The type of wire here depends entirely on the material of the walls.

Only wires of non-combustible brands should be used, for example, the already mentioned VVGng. Perhaps the design of the premises will make the color of the walls and wires inadequate to each other. In this case, you can use the cable channel.

street mounting

An underground electrical wire can be connected to the building, but a prerequisite for this is the use of an armored cable. The designation is as follows - AVBBSHV (VBBShV).

Reservation is carried out due to a special steel tape, which is located on top of the second layer of insulation and has its own protective rubber braid. Thus, a high degree of protection against mechanical influences and groundwater is achieved.

The armored wire is able to conduct electricity to the house for a long time and reliably. For wall mounting wiring uses varieties of the AVVG brand of different sections. Wires are not afraid of precipitation and the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation.

In conditions of high humidity

If the room is operated in conditions of high humidity, for example, if it is a bathhouse, basement or barn, then a special wire is required to create an electrical network.

The best option would be a heat-resistant cable with protective silicone insulation. Among these, the PVKV and RKGM brands stand out. The main requirement for arranging the network is high-quality grounding not only of the wiring itself, but of all devices.

Dimensions and calculation of the wire section

There are many types of wire sections, a specific brand is chosen taking into account the device that will be connected using this wire. It is extremely important to correctly calculate the cross section.

The action plan should be as follows. First you need to calculate the sum of the capacities of all consumers inside the house and outside it (street lighting, for example). The resulting value will allow you to select the main cable leading from the power line through the meter to the house.

Then the total power for each room is calculated or separate section. The wires from the main switchboard must match the value obtained. The wiring for each section is carried out depending on the specific consumer, whether it is a simple light bulb or a TV.

In general, you can find out the required wire cross-section, based on the power of the consuming device, from a special table. It is easy to find on the net or in any good reference book on the subject of electricians. When making calculations, rounding up is carried out to provide some margin in case of unforeseen circumstances.

How to make a choice

The question of which wires to choose should be decided by an electrician. But if you have some experience and basic knowledge, you can make the right choice yourself. The main thing is that the cross section of the purchased wires fully corresponds to the power consumption. Installation open wiring involves a combination of the color of the wires and the material of the walls.

There are wires, the operation of which, for reasons of fire safety, is not recommended. Among them: PUNP, PUVP, PBPP and PUGP. Outwardly, they differ little from less dangerous counterparts, so you need to be extremely careful, but it is better to entrust the matter to a specialist.

It will not be superfluous to check the certificates for products from the manufacturer. Conscientious sellers must have documentation without fail.

Be guided not only by viewing a photo of wires from a catalog or scraps at an exhibition stand. Check the markings on the bay itself. Then there will be much more guarantees for the purchase of the necessary products. If any designations are missing, it is better to refuse to purchase such a product.

The electrification of the premises, carried out with careful preliminary calculations and without saving on materials, gives a durable and safe result. The excellent quality of the wires, the required cross section and the observance of elementary safety rules during installation and operation will make it possible to achieve high level comfort in your home.

Photo of wires of different types

The modern classification of cables has hundreds of types of products. They differ in shape, type of insulation, technical characteristics and price. Choosing the right electric cable means purchasing products that are fully suitable for the operating conditions and not overpay for "extra" features. To do this, you need to understand the types of construction of electrical wires and cables.

All products can be divided into two large groups according to their purpose:

1. Power - conduct electricity through them.
2. Network - cable products for information transmission. It includes wires for connecting the Internet, TV, phone.

Exist different types electrical wiring, differing in location, scope. There are information and power networks, underground and air, local and general. Types of cables and wires and types of electrical wiring are related: miscellaneous products can only be used on certain networks.

The following describes what types of cables are, what classifications are based on, what is a cable and what is a wire. The main categories of product selection are described.

Power cable types

There are various types of electrical cables, which differ in the number of layers of insulation and the material of protection. The conductor sheath is an important indicator that indicates whether the product is applicable in certain operating conditions.

All cables are produced with current-carrying conductors (TPZh) of different thicknesses. The size of the core determines the voltage that can be drawn through it.

Almost all presented types of wires and cables are available in two types: with copper and aluminum core. The former are more reliable and durable. Products with aluminum cores are cheaper, but they are not recommended to be used to create stationary wiring - the material "does not tolerate" mistakes, it breaks from a few bends. In addition, aluminum does not last as long.

It is very simple to find out which core the cable has - this is indicated in the category marking. If the first letter of the abbreviation is "A", then the core was aluminum. Otherwise - copper. For example, the core of the VVG cable is copper, the AVVG products are aluminum. However, they have the same insulation.

VVG

VVG is a power cable for electrical wiring with a copper core protected by a PVC sheath. The general core insulation is also made of PVC. Products different sizes used to transmit alternating current with a voltage of 0.66-1 kV and a frequency of 50-60 Hz.

Product properties:

• Colour:
  • the outer shell is black, less often white. The latter resists UV better, but may turn yellow over time;
  • the cores are in multi-colored insulation - blue, brown, white with blue stripes, yellow, red, black. This is necessary to distinguish zero from phase and ground.

The color of the core sheath is a very important parameter. There are generally accepted standards that indicate which color cores to use for what. The regulations should be followed - this will help those who will repair the installed wiring. An inexperienced electrician who is not taught to check everything on his own, following the rules will save you from mistakes. In the pictures below - the color matching of the wire for electrical wiring and its purpose.

Wire colors and their purpose

• Wholesale is delivered in bays of 100-200 meters.
• Quantity, types and sizes of cores:
  • number of cores - from 1 to 5;
  • the cores can be monolithic or stranded, the latter are more flexible and resistant to fracture;
  • section TPG - from 1.5 to 240 mm 2. In everyday life, conductors with an area of ​​\u200b\u200b1.5-6 mm 2 are used. To bring the line to private houses, 16 mm 2 cable products are used.
• Application conditions:
  • operating temperature range -50… +50°С;
  • relative air humidity - up to 98% (at t°< +40°C);
  • bending radius during installation - no more than 10 section diameters.
  • resistant to aggressive substances, atmospheric factors;
  • has sufficient tensile and bending strength to be laid through the air.

This cable may have additional properties: VVGng (non-combustible sheath), VVGp (flat), VVGz (the space inside the sheath is clogged with elastomer or bundles).

NYM

NYM is a conductor category marking according to foreign standards. Products are similar to the previous type, but more durable, durable and of high quality, since the requirements for their characteristics and production procedure are higher.

Basic properties:

• Lived
  • the material of manufacture is always copper;
  • type - multiwire;
  • quantity - from 2 to 5;
  • the cross section of each core is from 1.5 to 16 mm 2.
• Application
  • laying in the open air is possible;
  • operating temperatures - from -40 to +70°С;
  • maximum bending radius - 4 diameters of the cross-section of the cable for electrical wiring;
  • voltage - up to 660 volts.
• Insulation
  • conductors are insulated with PVC;
  • outer sheath - PVC;
  • inside is coated rubber, which increases the strength and heat resistance of products.
• Disadvantages compared to VVG
  • high price;
  • it happens only with a round section - it is inconvenient to lay under Decoration Materials, concrete;
  • sheath sensitivity to ultraviolet - when laying on open space additional protection is needed.

Based on the presented properties and technical characteristics, we can conclude that this is a cable for wiring in an apartment.

VBBSHv

It has a special element of isolation - armor. It is made in the form of steel, lead or aluminum tapes. Protection is designed to reduce the influence of external electromagnetic waves, mechanical and atmospheric influences. The main property of the product is the possibility of laying it in the ground without the danger of a quick failure. Other features:

• veins
  • quantity - from 1 to 5;
  • section - from 1.5 to 240 mm 2;
  • material - aluminum or copper;
• Insulation
  • core sheath and outer sheath - PVC;
  • internal cavities are filled;
  • armor in the form of two tapes wound in a spiral in two layers so that the upper one covers the gaps between the turns of the lower one;
• Application
  • transmission of alternating current with a voltage of 660-1000 Volts and a frequency of 50-60 Hz;
  • single-core products are used to transmit direct current;
  • operating temperatures: -50… +50 °C;
  • resistance to moisture: at +35°C, it can be used at a relative humidity of 98%;
  • maximum bending radius - 10 product diameters;
  • laid in the ground, pipes, sewers, outdoors;
  • most commonly used to supply current to equipment and individual objects(apartment and private houses, industrial buildings);
  • it is imperative to provide protection from ultraviolet radiation;
  • cannot be used in air lines - the armor is unstable to tensile loads.

Conductors with increased resistance to external influences

The products described above are suitable for use in mild environmental conditions. If mechanical, chemical or atmospheric influences, you should use products designed to work in such conditions:

• RKGM - applicable in conditions of high vibration, in the temperature range from -60 to +180°C. At +35°C moisture resistant. It is protected from microorganisms, a mold, varnishes, solvents. It is used in baths, saunas, boiler rooms, industrial kitchens for the installation of lighting, thermal and professional kitchen equipment.
• PNSV - single-core wire. Resistant to alkalis, tolerates short-term immersion in water. It is used to create "warm floor" systems.
• The runway is a conductor resistant to pressure changes. Operating temperature range -40… +80 °C. It is applied in engines of submersible pumps.

Wire: difference from cable and types

The inhabitants do not distinguish between wires and cables, considering these words as synonyms. But for a professional, they mean different concepts. A cable is a conductor product that is protected by several layers of insulation. Each core of products has a separate sheath. Wires are products made of copper, aluminum, having one layer of protection or not having it at all. That is, the design of cables is more complex. We can say that they consist of wires. The purpose of the cable is to transmit alternating and direct current with voltages from several volts to tens of thousands of volts. The wires usually send direct current with a voltage of not more than 250 volts.

Electrical wires can be monolithic or stranded. From the name it is clear that the former have a solid conductive core, and the latter are woven from segments of small thickness. There are different types of wires. The differences between them, as in cables, are carried out according to the type of cores, insulation, characteristics.

PBPP and PUNP

PBPP (PUNP) - a flat wire with a monolithic (PBPP) or stranded (PUNP) core. The insulation is made of PVC. Wires of this type can have several strands combined in one sheath. The cross-sectional area of ​​each core is from 1.5 to 6 mm 2. The maximum bending radius of PBPP is 10 product diameters, PUNP is 6 diameters.

Applications:

• connection of stationary lighting;
• creating jumpers in socket blocks;
• different types of electrical wiring;
• supply voltage up to 250 volts.

These products are not intended for use in harsh environments. Operating temperature - from -15 to +50°С, relative air humidity - 50-60%.

It can be used for mounting sockets, although it is preferable to use it when laying stationary lighting systems. Rated voltage - up to 250 V, frequency - 50 Hz. Operating temperature range - from -15 to +50°C. The bending radius is at least 10 diameters.

Wires of both brands are sold in coils of 100 and 200 m. The color is usually white, less often black.

There is a kind of product with aluminum cores - APUNP. It cannot be stranded due to the fragility of the material. Otherwise, all characteristics are identical.

PPV

PPV - flat copper wire with separating jumpers. Insulation material - PVC. It can have 2 or 3 solid cores with a cross section from 0.75 to 6 mm 2.

Peculiarities:

• Application conditions
  • voltage - up to 450 Volts;
  • AC frequency - up to 400 Hz;
  • resistant to aggressive chemicals;
  • moisture resistant;
  • insulation does not burn;
  • application temperature range - from -50 to +70°С;
  • bending radius - 10 cross-sectional diameters.
• Scope of application - installation of stationary lighting fixtures high power (spotlights, large chandeliers, etc.)

There is an analogue with aluminum cores - APPV.

AR

APV - aluminum round wire with a monolithic or multi-wire core in PVC insulation. The cross section of monolithic cores is from 2.5 to 16 mm 2, stranded - from 2.5 to 9.5 mm 2.

Peculiarities:

• Application conditions
  • resistant to damage, vibration;
  • temperature range: -50… +70°С;
  • completely resistant to moisture at temperatures from 0 to + 35 ° C;
  • bending radius - 10 diameters;
  • fits in pipes, cable channels, voids in the walls.
• Scope of application
  • installation of stationary lighting;
  • installation of power systems (switchboards, individual circuit breakers, etc.).

There are additional categories of wire that differ in the core material (PV-1, PV-2, PV-3). Otherwise, the characteristics and scope are similar. It is recommended to use the PV-3 wire in circuits for supplying electricity to lighting fixtures, where frequent turns of the system are expected. It is also used in cars.

network conductors

Antenna

A subspecies of network conductors is antenna cables. They differ from each other in resistance, resistance to various loads, signal decay time, shielding design. Description of the most popular brand RG-6:

• Structure
  • copper monolithic core with a cross section of 1 mm 2;
  • polyethylene foam insulation;
  • aluminum shielding;
  • outer conductor in the form of a grid of tinned copper;
  • external PVC insulation.
• Application
  • transferring the connection to the TV antennas of cable and satellite broadcasting;
  • wiring of analog video surveillance systems.

Computer

A computer cable consists of one or more pairs of wires intertwined. From this comes the name that is on everyone's lips - "twisted pair". This design improves the quality of signal transmission. Each core is placed in a PVC or propylene sheath.

The outer sheath of a computer cable is made of PVC. Sometimes a waterproof layer is added. Each product has a breaking thread that allows you to quickly access the cores without damaging them.

• UTP - no escaping;
• FTP - with aluminum screen;
• STP - each pair is individually shielded and the entire wire is protected by a copper mesh;
• S/FTP - each pair is shielded and there is a common aluminum shell.

Power cables

Among the most popular lately types of cable products are the VVG cable and its modifications.

VVG denotes a power cable with PVC insulation TPG, PVC sheath (cambric), copper core material, not having external protection(Fig. 4.23).

PBPP (PUNP) refers to the installation, or mounting. The wire is flat, with copper single-wire conductors covered with PVC insulation, the outer sheath is also made of PVC (Fig. 4.30).

The number of cores is 2 or 3, the cross section is from 1.5 to 6 mm 2. It is used when laying stationary lighting systems, as well as for mounting sockets, although it is preferable to use it specifically for lighting. Rated voltage - up to 250 V, frequency - 50 Hz. Temperature limits of operation - from -15 to +50 "С. Bending radius - not less than 10 diameters.

PBPPg (PUGNP) differs from PUNP in veins - they are multi-wire (rice, 4.31). That is why the letter "g" is added to the name of the wire - flexible.

All other characteristics correspond to PUNP, only the minimum bending radius is 6. Distinctive property- flexibility, so PUGNP is laid in places where the wiring makes frequent bends, or to connect to the network of household appliances. Wires of these brands are sold in coils of 100 and 200 m. The color is usually white, black is less common.

A variety of PUNP includes a wire with aluminum conductors APUFP (Figure 4.32). He has exactly the same characteristics as PUNP, adjusted for the core material. The only difference is that APUNP cannot be multi-wire, and therefore flexible.

NOTE

In general, the wires of the PUNP, PUGNP and APUNP brands have proven themselves as household wires. In half the cases, the master has to deal with them. However, it should be remembered that these brands of wires are highly specialized, and you should not use them instead of power cables (such as NYM or VVG).

ATTENTION!

The popularity of PUNP and PUGNP wires is based primarily on price. However, there is a catch in this. The fact is that recently a discrepancy has been noticed between the declared wire cross-section and the actual one. After checking, it turned out that the wire marked PUGNP 3x1.5 is actually 3 x 1 - that is, the actual cross section of the core is smaller. The same applies to isolation. When buying wires of this brand, it is necessary to measure the cross section of the cores and the thickness of the insulation.

400 Hz. The wire is resistant to aggressive chemical environments, non-flammable, has a wide operating temperature range - from -50 to +70 "C. Moisture resistance - 100% at a temperature of +35 "C. The bending radius during laying is at least 10 diameters of the wire section. Resistant to mechanical damage and vibration. APPV has the same characteristics as PPV, except for the core material - it is aluminum (see Fig. 4.34). APV - aluminum single-core wire with PVC insulation (rice, 4.34). The wire is round, single-wire with a cross section of 2.5 to 16 mm 2 and stranded - from 25 to 95 mm 2. The wire is used in almost all types of installation of stationary lighting and power systems. It is laid in voids, pipes, steel and plastic trays. Widely used in the installation of switchboards. chemical resistant, temperature regime operation - from -50 to +70 "С. Moisture resistance - 100% at a temperature of +35 "С. Bending radius - not less than 10 diameters. Resistant to mechanical damage and vibration. Appearance and the characteristics of PV 1 coincide in everything with the APV, except for the material of the core: instead of aluminum, copper (Fig. 4.35). The cross section of the core starts from 0.75 mm 2. In addition, the core becomes stranded not from 25, but from 16 mm 2. More flexible than APV. The characteristics of the wire PV 3 coincide with the properties of APV and PV 1. Scope - installation of sections of lighting and power circuits where frequent bending of wires is necessary: ​​in switchboards, when installing a large number of electrical devices. It is also used for laying electrical circuits in cars. The bending radius is at least 6 wire diameters (Fig. 4.36).

The core is multi-wire, their total number ranges from 2 to 5, the cross section is from 0.75 to 16 mm 2. Rated voltage - up to 380 V, frequency - 50 Hz. The core insulation is color-coded, the sheath is white.

The wire is used when connecting various electrical devices, from household appliances to garden tools. Due to its flexibility and lightness, it is also used for lighting and even mounting sockets. PVA is a household wire used for the manufacture of extension cords, cords for any type of equipment and repair of electrical networks. It is non-combustible (does not spread combustion with a single gasket), heat-resistant: temperature range - from -40 to +40 ° C (PVA U option) and from -25 to +40 "C. Due to its design, it is resistant to bending and mechanical wear. PVA can withstand at least 3000 kinks.

SHVVP - copper or copper-tinned flat wire (rice, 4.38). Core insulation and sheath made of PVC.

Lived multi-wire, increased flexibility. The number of cores is 2 or 3, the cross section is from 0.5 to 0.75 mm 2. Voltage - up to 380 V, frequency - 50 Hz. It is used as a cord for connecting lighting fixtures and household appliances of low power, such as soldering irons, mixers, coffee grinders and radio-electronic devices.

NOTE

ShVVP - a wire exclusively for domestic needs, it is not used for wiring lighting or sockets.

Cables for information transmission

In addition to electricity, cablesgive information signals. In byRecently there have been manynew types of information conductors.If even 10-15 years ago there wereonly telephone and antenna cables, thennow with the development of computer technologynicks of types of information wirethere are a lot more nicknames. Bolshinsome of them are too specializedand is of interest only to a narrowprofile specialists. For homeit is enough for the master to know and be able touse only a fewmi. We will consider them.

Antenna cables. For today day most commonly used RG-6,RG-59, RG-58 or Russian equivalents RK 75 series.

RG-6 - coaxial cable for petransmission of high-frequency signals forelectronic equipment, televisionor radio (Figure 4.39).

Consists of a central coppercore with a cross section of 1 mm 2, surroundingits insulation made of foamed polyesterlen, aluminum foil screengi, outer conductor tinnedcopper braid and PVC sheath.Widely used for transmissioncable and satellite signalstelevision. Has a lot of technologyical characteristics relating totransmitting signal value, resistanceshielding, etc. For example,designation in the name of the cable RK 75means that the resistance of the conductorka - 75 Ohm (rice, 4.40).

This information is intended for professionals. In short, this cable is ideal for transmitting a video signal from an antenna or video camera to a receiver (TV) and distributing a video signal to several sources (Fig. 4.41).

receiving or transmitting a signal. Each conductor is encased in PVC or propylene insulation. The outer shell is also made of PVC. The cable can be optionally equipped with a moisture-proof polypropylene sheath. There is a breaking thread in the twisted pair design. With its help, the outer sheath is easily removed from the cable, opening access to the conductive cores.

Rice. 4.45. Tip RJ-45 for connecting to a computer
S/FTP, or foil, shielded with common screen from foil, in addition, each pair is additionally enclosed in a screen. In addition, twisted pairs

/are divided into categories according to the number of pairs combined into one cable. The most common type used for computer networks is a category Riya CAT5e. It consists of 4 pairs of wires various colors. Data transfer rate - up to 1 Gb / s when using all pairs.

You can see such a cable used as a telephone wire of category CAT1 or CAT2, that is, consisting of 1 or 2 pairs of wires.

Telephone cables and wires

Telephone conductors are divided into 2 main types. The former are intended for laying several (up to 400) subscriber lines. The second type is used for wiring in a single apartment or house.

TPPep - the main type of cable for laying a line designed for a large number of subscribers (Figure 4.46).

The cable consists of two wires twisted in pairs. TPG made of soft copper wire, with a cross section of 0.4 or 0.5 mm 2, covered with polyethylene insulation. In some types of cable, the pairs are grouped into groups of 5 or 10 pairs. The outer shell is also polyethylene or vinyl. The letters "e" and "and" in the name indicate a film screen. There are varieties of cable armored with tapes, or filled, in which the space between the sheath and the cores is occupied by a hydrophobic sealant. In a word, this is a cable for conducting telephone communications in apartment house, it is intended for laying in almost all conditions: underground, in cable channels or by air.

For conducting a telephone line to an individual subscriber and wiring inside the premises, telephone wires of the following are used: two kinds.

TRV- one or two-pair telephone distribution wire (Figure 4.47).
Rice. 4.47. Telephone TRV wire

This is a flat wiredivided base, livedcopper, solid, sewith a value of 0.4 or 0.5 mm 2. Quantitycore - 2 or 4. Insulation made ofPVC. Designed for conducting telephone lines indoors.

Operated while temperature from -10 to +40 °С. Humidity should not exceed 80% at temperature+30 °С.

TRP - according to the characteristics coincides with the TRV. The only difference is the insulation, in TRP it is made of polyethylene (Figure 4.48).

Rice. 4.48. TRP wire

Possessing increased resistance to the influence of the external environment. These places include baths, stoves and cellars. In general, wherever it is too hot, humid or cold, and besides, there is a possibility of mechanical damage. It is clear that PVS or VVG cannot be installed in such places, not to mention PUNP or ShVVP.

RKGM - power mounting single-core wire of increased heat resistance, flexible. Copper conductor, stranded, cross-section from 0.75 to 120 mm 2. Silicone rubber insulation, fiberglass sheath impregnated with heat-resistant enamel or varnish (Fig. 4.51).
Rice. 4.51. The wire RKGM

This wire is designed for rated voltage up to 660 V and frequency up to 400 Hz. Resistant to vibration, high humidity (up to 100% at a temperature of +35 °C), heat-resistant (operating temperature range from 60 to +180 °C). In addition, the wire is protected from harmful effects varnishes, solvents and mold fungi. Ideal conductorfor rooms with a heighttemperature (boiler rooms and stoves), suitable for electrical installation in baths, saunas, oven connections.

PNSV- single-core heating wire. TPG is single-wire steel, blued or galvanized steel (Figure 4.52).
Rice. 4.52. The wire PNSV

Core cross section - 1.2; 1.4; 2 and 3 mm 2 . PVC or polyethylene insulation. Rated voltage up to 380 V, frequency 50 Hz. The wire is heat-resistant: operating temperature range - from -50 to +80 °С, resistant to alkalis and moisture resistant (tolerates immersion in water). Used as heating element: in domestic conditions, with the help of PNSV, heated floors are mounted.

WFP - single strand copper wire. The core is multi-wire, enclosed in polyethylene insulation, the sheath is also made of polyethylene or PVC (Fig. 4.53).
Rice. 4.53. The wire WFP

The cross section of the core is from 1.2 to 25 mm 2. Rated voltage - 380 or 660 V, frequency 50 Hz. The wire is resistant to pressure changes. Operating temperature range - from -40 to +80 °С. It is used for engines of artesian wells immersed in water under high pressure conditions.

LED cablevery interesting option power. Additionalwires with a followfirmly connected

different colored LEDs. They are located at a distance of 2 cm from each other, they burn with a constant, fairly strong light (Fig. 4.54).

Such a cable performs not only decorative functions, although it can be used to create entire light patterns. In addition to aesthetic purposes, it is very convenient for attaching to portable electrical mechanisms. Most often, the LED cable is used to connect stage equipment. It is useful in that when it breaks, it is not necessary to look for the place of damage: the diodes in this area will stop glowing. Such cables are manufactured by Duralight. In addition to power conductors, there are computer luminous cables.

In addition to LED cables, there are electroluminescent ones. They glow evenly along the entire length. With the help of such cables, you can create luminous inscriptions and even whole pictures. it great alternative flexible neon tubes, from which such designer decorations are usually made. In addition, the electroluminescent cable is cheaper than neon tubes and is not limited in length.

It is used for conducting lines indoors and in telephone sets. Highly flexible wire. PRDP - a flat wire with a separating base and single-wire copper conductors with polyethylene insulation and sheath (Fig. 4.50). There is a modificationPRPVM, the shell of which is made of PVC. Number of cores

Special types of cables and wires

For mounting electrical systems in places where the conditions are very different from the usual, special cables are used, which

Compared to the expansion valve, the wire is more resistant to environmental influences and can be laid outside buildings. STLP - telephone flat cord with copper stranded conductors. Polyethylene core insulation (Fig. 4.49). Insulated TPGs are sheathed in PVC. The number of cores is 2 or 4, the cross section is from 0.08 to 0.12 mm 2.

In each of these categories, there are many types of cable and wire products identified by special markings. Structurally, cables and wires differ in overall parameters conductive cores and the material from which they are made, the type of shell and external protective cover, the design of the armor (if any) and other criteria that determine the scope of products and the conditions for their operation.

The types of electrical cable and the decoding of their brands are individual for each individual category of products.

Power cables

This type of cable products is used to solve the problems of transporting electricity over short and long distances. The most important physical parameters of power cables are voltage and current load (permissible value of the transmitted current).

Here are some brands of power cables and their areas of application:

Signal cables and wires

This category of electrical cables and wires includes cable and wire products intended for building fire and/or security alarm systems. Their main task is to transmit electrical signals from analog and digital sensors for smoke, motion, temperature, etc.

Cables are also used to supply power to light and sound signaling devices, indicators of the direction of movement (for rapid evacuation people during a fire) automatic devices fire extinguishers and other devices. An important difference lies in their increased resistance to high temperatures, which, in particular, is one of the main requirements in the design of fire safety systems.

Common types of electrical cables and their marking: KPSVVng (A), KSVEVng (A), etc.

Alarm and interlock cables

This type of cable is used to control electrical mechanisms located in the open air. Most often used for laying along urban and federal railway routes to adjust the operation of arrows, signaling devices, traffic lights. They are also used, for example, to control barriers in car parks.

The Cable.RF ® company is one of the leaders in the sale of cable products and has warehouses located in almost all regions Russian Federation. After consulting with the company's specialists, you can purchase the brand you need at competitive prices.