Roof angle 22 degrees. We determine the optimal angle of inclination of the roof. The purpose of the under-roof space

The slope of the roof slopes - what it depends on and how it is measured.

Such an important fact for the roof is its slope. Roof pitch- this is the angle of inclination of the roof relative to the horizontal level. According to the angle of inclination of the roof slopes there are low-slope(sloping), medium inclination And roofs with steep(highly inclined) stingrays.

low slope roof that roof, the installation of which is carried out based on the smallest recommended angle of inclination of the slopes. So for each roofing there is a recommended minimum slope.

What determines the slope of the roof

• From the ability of the roof to protect the structure from external factors and impacts.
• From the wind- the greater the slope of the roof, the greater the value of the attributable wind loads. With steep slopes, wind resistance decreases, and windage increases. In regions and places with strong winds it is recommended to apply a minimum roof slope to reduce the load on bearing structures roofs.
• From roofing (material) - For each roofing material there is a minimum angle of inclination at which this material can be used.
• From architectural ideas, solutions, local traditions- so in different regions preferred for a particular roof structure.
• From atmospheric precipitation: snow loads and rainfall in the region. On roofs with a large slope, snow, dirt and leaves will not accumulate in huge quantities.

What is the roof pitch measured in?

Designation roof pitch in the drawings it can be both in degrees and in percent. The slope of the roof is indicated Latin letter i .

In SNiP II-26-76, this value is indicated as a percentage (%). IN this moment there are no strict rules for designating the size of the roof slope.

The unit of measure for roof slope is degrees or percentages (%). Their ratio is shown in the table below.

Roof slope degree-percentage ratio

You can convert the slope from percent to degrees and vice versa from degrees to percent using the online converter:

Roof pitch measurement

The slope angle is measured using an inclinometer or mathematically.

Inclinometer- this is a rail with a frame, between the slats of which there is an axis, a division scale and to which a pendulum is fixed. When the rail is in a horizontal position, the scale shows zero degrees. To measure the slope of the roof slope, the inclinometer rail is held perpendicular to the ridge, that is, at a vertical level. On the scale of the inclinometer, the pendulum indicates the slope of a given roof slope in degrees. This method of measuring the slope has become less relevant, since now there are various geodetic instruments for measuring slopes, as well as drip and electronic levels with inclinometers.

Mathematical calculation of the slope

• Vertical Height (H) from the top of the slope (usually the ridge) to the level of the bottom (cornice)
• Foundation ( L ) - horizontal distance from the bottom of the slope to the top

Using a mathematical calculation, the value of the slope of the roof is found as follows:

The angle of the slope of the slope i is equal to the ratio of the height of the roof H to the laying L

i \u003d H : L

In order to express the slope value as a percentage, this ratio is multiplied by 100. Further, to find out the slope value in degrees, we translate according to the ratio table above.

To make it clearer, let's look at an example:

Let it be:

Laying length 4.5 m, roof height 2.0 m.

The slope is: i = 2.0: 4.5 = 0.44 now multiply by × 100 = 44%. Translation given value according to the table in degrees and we get - 24 °.

Minimum slope for roofing materials (coverings)

The reliability of the building and the comfort of living in it depend on the quality of the construction of the roof. Its design is chosen optimal for local operating conditions. Special meaning has such a parameter as the slope of the roof, which will be discussed further.

The angle of the roof slope depends not only on its design and features of the facade of the house, on the selected roofing material, but also on other factors. First of all, it is necessary to take into account climatic conditions the area where the building is being built. Where the number of drop-downs in winter time rainfall is high, preferable high angle roof slope (within 45-60 degrees): this contributes to better snow removal, which means reducing the load on the roof. Also, glaciation of the floor surface becomes less likely due to the compaction of snow covers.

If the building is being built where weather with strong winds prevails, it is advisable to choose a minimum roof slope angle to reduce the windage of the structure. Otherwise, the structure is threatened with rapid destruction. Most often, the tilt range in this case is 9-20 degrees.

The greater the angle of slope of the roof slope, the easier the snow cover comes off it.

But basically optimal angle the roof slope is selected in average values, that is, from 20 to 45 degrees. It is suitable for almost any type of roofing material, for example, for corrugated board or metal tiles that are very popular today.

In areas with a warm climate, where there are much more sunny days than cloudy ones, flat roofs will be more acceptable: their area is smaller than that of other types of structures, which means that heating from sun rays will occur to a lesser extent. But even such a design should not be absolutely horizontal: the slope of a flat roof should be at least 3-5 degrees. The minimum slope of a flat roof will ensure the normal descent of rain and melt moisture.

Types of roof structures

Household and utility buildings are often built with a shed roof: it is simply mounted and does not require large expenditures. In fact, such a building has different heights walls with flooring laid on them. The slope of the overlap is selected within 9-25 degrees, which is well suited for corrugated board and metal tiles. This design requires a ventilation device for the under-roof space.

But the most popular is the gable: two inclined planes are connected along the ridge line. Other (end) planes are vertical and are called gables. They may have doors leading to a balcony or an outdoor staircase.

There are many options for roofing designs

Hip ceilings, the most popular representatives of which are hipped, are aesthetically very attractive. In such cases, especially for more complex structures, the slopes can be any: it depends on the chosen design and the personal preferences of the developers. The advantage of hip roofs is that there are no restrictions on the use of roofing material.

Option hip design- attic: attic space It is used as residential, so the requirements for insulation are very high. The free space under the ceiling is formed due to the high angle of inclination of all slopes, in which the presence of skylights.

The dependence of the roof structure on the floor material

Before choosing a roofing material, you should study it specifications: this will help to optimally approach the solution of the issue and choose the most reliable one. In addition, there is a rule that determines the dependence of the angle of inclination of the slopes on the roofing material used.

We list the main ones:

When choosing the slope value, the strength characteristics of the roof structure should be taken into account: the safety margin should be enough not only to withstand its own weight and the mass of the roofing material, but also to external loads (gusts of wind, snow). The type of crate for laying most materials also depends on the slope of the slope: with small values ​​​​of this parameter, either a continuous crate is mounted or with a small step (350-450 mm). When erecting any roof, and even more so flat, it is necessary to install a system of slopes and drainage. If the area is particularly large, an additional drain will be required.

Calculation of the angle of inclination

The design must meet the following requirements: be strong enough, provide reliable protection from precipitation, have good thermal and sound insulation. It is also important that there is access for repairs and maintenance. How to calculate the angle of inclination of the roof so that all these conditions are met? Experts recommend using simple options its devices, which include single-slope, gable, hip (and half-hip), attic.

Roofs can have a structure of any complexity, with different slope angles

Sheds are most convenient for verandas, outbuildings and outbuildings. The principle of creating a shed is the same as other types: installation of rafters, battens, after which - laying of roofing material. The latter plays a decisive role: for corrugated board, an angle of 8-11 degrees is required (it is better to do 20), for metal tiles - at least 25, for slate and seam roofing - 35 degrees.

If climatic conditions allow, it is better to make a roof with a slope of 45 degrees: this will allow you to neglect the calculations associated with the mass of snow. It's almost perfect shed roof: the angle of inclination will not complicate its installation and facilitate maintenance (snow will not accumulate on its surface). But in this case, it will be necessary to strengthen the rafters and the crate, since the wind pressure on the structure increases by 5 times. It should also be borne in mind that this will require large expenditures on materials - about 1.5 times.

Roofing material must be selected depending on the slope of the roof

As can be seen from the graph, each slope corresponds to certain group roofing waterproofing materials. There are 11 of them in total, while the inclined lines correspond to the angle of inclination of the slope. The bold line indicates how the height of the ridge relates to ½ of its inception. It can be seen that the segment h is equal to half of the horizontal segment, indicated by the fraction ½. The numbers at the tops of the semicircular scales correspond to the angle of inclination (in degrees), the vertical scale also indicates in percent. When choosing any roof configuration, you should follow these recommendations and purchase roofing materials suitable for the chosen option.

In order to make it clear how the roof slope angle is calculated, we will give an example of calculating the smallest slope angle of a slab with waterproofing from tiles. On the graph we find a semicircular curve corresponding to this coating: this will be the curve indicated by the number 2. Tracking it to the point of intersection with the vertical scale, we find that the minimum slope of such a roof is 50%.

Considering the fact that the slope of the slope is the ratio of the height of the ridge to ½ of its inception, we calculate the slope. That is, with a ridge height h = 4 m and a laying equal to L = 15 m, the slope will be determined as h: (L / 2) = 4: (15/2) = 0.53. To display as a percentage, multiply the result by 100 and get 53%. This value of this parameter guarantees good drainage of rainwater. The minimum slope in the valley is 1%.

Features of the calculation of a gable roof

gable roof is the most successful and widespread design. There are several reasons for this: high reliability, relative simplicity, low cost of construction. When constructing a roof, not everyone correctly chooses the optimal angle of inclination two pitched roof.

In the districts strong winds, it is necessary to calculate the gable roof so that its slope does not cause too strong wind loads. The greater the angle of inclination of the structure, the higher its windage.

You can not reduce it to values ​​​​less than 25 degrees: precipitation will be worse removed from the roof, and dampness may appear in the under-roof space. Making it large 60 degrees is also not recommended: a strong gust of faith can destroy the roof. The roof does not have to have symmetrical slopes: if the building is oriented with a more gentle slope to the south, the roof will dry better after rain.

Conditions for the use of roofing materials depending on the angle of inclination

Usable attic area and drainage system

Effective area attic room depends on the roof structure: the larger the slope angle, the larger the area and vice versa (Figure 2 clearly shows this). When constructing an attic, you have to find a compromise between the area that can be easily used, the cost of building a roof and the strength of the structure.

The method of removing atmospheric precipitation can also be different. Distinguish external or internal organized and unorganized - only external. The latter involves setting downpipes and gutters, while wall and suspension systems are mounted on roofs with a slope greater than 15%. The gutters are mounted with a minimum slope of 3 degrees, their sides are made with a height of about 120 mm.

depends on the angle of the roof effective area attic

Between the pipes there should be a distance of no more than 23 m. The cross section of the pipe must ensure normal drainage of water and is selected depending on the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe slope. Outdoor drains of an organized type are more suitable for areas with a warm climate. Internal gutters are used for cold climates. Such systems consist of a funnel for receiving water, a riser, an outlet and a discharge pipe. The main condition is that water drainage must be provided at any air temperature.

The installation of a roof is a very responsible business that requires the participation of highly qualified workers. Installation errors can cost homeowners dearly. To avoid trouble, work on the construction of the roof should be entrusted to specialists with sufficient experience: this will guarantee the reliability of the building and comfort in it.

In civil low-rise construction, experienced builders call pitched structures the most common, rational and economically feasible type of roof. They can consist of one, two, three or even four slopes, planes that meet at one point, called the ridge. Pitched roofs differ from flat roofs by the angle of inclination, which, according to building codes, should exceed 2.5 degrees. Slope selection - milestone creating a project on which the strength, bearing capacity and durability of the structure depend. In this article, we will tell you how to choose the right angle of inclination to facilitate snow melting in winter period.

Roof slope angle - engineering calculation parameter roof structures, reflecting the ratio of the height of the ridge to the width of the base of the ramp. Pitched roofs can have a slope of 2.5-80 degrees, however, the optimal range of slope values ​​is 20-450. The area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe slopes, wind resistance and snow load depend on this parameter. IN special literature the following terms are used:

• Minimum slope. Minimum Angle inclination in general for is 2.5 degrees, but depending on the used waterproofing material this setting can be increased. The smallest minimum angle is for rolled bitumen and membrane coatings, it is 2-4 degrees. The minimum allowable value for metal tiles and corrugated board is 11-12 0, for ceramic tiles - 22 0.
• Optimal. Optimal is the most suitable roof slope in given climatic conditions when using a certain waterproofing material. The optimal angle of inclination ensures independent snow melting, facilitating maintenance of the roof.

Important! The slope of a roof can be expressed in degrees, as a percentage, or as an aspect ratio. To calculate this parameter of the roof structure, it is necessary to divide half the width of the facade by the height, and then multiply by 100 percent.

Criterias of choice

The choice of slope is based on an engineering calculation that takes into account the climatic conditions of the area where construction is being carried out, the characteristics of the roofing and bearing capacity roof frame. In order for the design to turn out to be reliable, the following criteria must be taken into account:

1. wind load. The steeper the roof, the stronger its sailing ability. Therefore, in regions with strong, gusty winds, more gently sloping roof structures are preferable. Although, on the other hand, waterproofing material can be torn off from low-slope slopes by the wind.
2. Snow load. The greater the snow load, the more covered the slopes are. The angle of inclination of the roof of 40-45 degrees provides an independent descent of snow from the surface of the roofing material.
3. Characteristics finish coat. Each coating for the construction of the roof has an optimal slope, which must be taken into account when designing the structure.
4. load bearing capacity of the frame. The smaller the cross section of the frame elements and the greater the distance between them, the higher the slope must be steeper in order to withstand snow load.

Optimum indicator for facilitating snow melting

The limiting factor when choosing the angle of inclination of roof slopes in middle lane Russia is a high snow load, typical for this area. A large number of snow falling in winter increases the pressure on truss system, leading to deformations of the frame and roofing material of the structure. Experienced craftsmen consider that there is a stable correlation between slope and snow load resistance:

1. If it is less than 30 degrees, then snow accumulates on the surface of the slopes. Snow deposits and ice has a significant mass, due to which the load on the rafter frame increases, reaching critical readings. However, some of the snow is blown off the surface by the wind. If the angle of inclination of the roof is in this range, then snow retainers are not installed on it, especially if the roofing material has a rough surface.
2. At a value of 0 degrees (i.e. for flat roofs), the snow load on the surface reaches its maximum values. Snow on such structures accumulates into large snowdrifts, which lead to the collapse of the frame if the roof is not periodically cleaned.
3. If it is 45 degrees or higher on the roof, then in calculating the load on the truss frame, the weight of snow can be neglected, since the snow slides off the slopes on its own, without lingering on the slope. To secure the operation of the roof, which has a large angle of inclination, snow cutters are installed on it, cutting the layer of snow when descending into thinner plates that have a lower speed and fall energy.

Please note! According to building climatology, the territory of Russia is divided into 8 climatic zones, each of which corresponds to its own average annual snow load. This reference value is used to calculate the slope of the roof, the thickness of the section of the elements of the truss frame and the choice of roofing.

Influence on the design

It is important that changing the slope to facilitate snow removal greatly affects the design of the roof as a whole. An increase in steepness entails the following consequences:

• Weight gain roofing cake. Weight 1 square meter roofing cake with a slope of 50 degrees is 2-2.5 times higher than roofs with a slope of 2 degrees.
• Increasing the area of ​​slopes. The steeper the roof, the more area its slopes, the greater the expense, and, consequently, the cost of roofing material.
• Lightening the truss frame. In the absence of snow load, the roof frame can be lightened to save on wood.
• The impossibility of using rolled materials. If the roof slope exceeds 40 degrees, it is not recommended to use bituminous and membrane roll materials, as they are under the influence of high temperature can just "slide" down.

Experienced craftsmen point out that right choice helps to increase the service life of roof structures, facilitate the operation and maintenance of the roof in snowy conditions Russian winters. Errors in the project associated with the wrong choice of the optimal angle lead to deformation of the rafters, collapse of the lathing, pouring of atmospheric moisture into the interstitial space during oblique rain or during thaws.

Video instruction

Several factors influence the minimum roof slope, not the least of which is the climate of a particular region. The roof, in addition to protecting the interior of the house from exposure external environment, experiences loads from them. Snow cover, summer rains, wind - all these factors have an impact on the choice of both the shape of the roof and its slope.

What affects the slope of the roof slope?

• In areas dominated by strong wind loads, it is customary to make a slight slope of the roof. In such areas, a high roof creates additional windage, which can lead to its failure. In order to minimize these risks, it is necessary to make a reinforced truss system, which leads to a significant increase in the cost of the entire construction.
• In areas with heavy snow loads, roofs are erected with a slope of up to 45 degrees or more. On such a roof, snow will not linger, therefore, the rafter system does not need to be made reinforced. For roofs with such a slope, the load from the snow cover is no longer taken into account.

Low-slope roofing is performed in regions with low rainfall and an abundance of sunny days. In this case, the roofs are built more flat. For roofs with a minimum slope, it is recommended to use membrane roofing materials that reliably protect the roof from leaks.

The abundance of the sun gives a strong heating of the roofing material, which, as a rule, for flat roofs is selected from bitumen-based roll or piece materials. Often, in order to protect the roof from overheating, pebbles are sprinkled on their surfaces, sod or green coatings are made.

But even in this case, the minimum slope of a flat roof must be supported by a drainage system so that even a meager amount of precipitation does not linger on the surface of the roofing.

Drainage system for flat roofs can be both external and internal. An internal drain is arranged in areas with severe winters. In this case, the drainage system will not be subjected to destructive action low negative temperatures. In any case, the slope of the roof is made towards the water intake funnels in such a way that water can drain into them by gravity.

Slope angle and roofing material

The choice of roofing material also affects the angle of the slope of the roof slopes. Materials from smooth surface will contribute to faster drainage of water from the roof. Conversely, materials with a rough surface will prevent the rapid outflow of water.

Roof slope angle , in turn, dictates the conditions for the selection of the truss system and all components of the roof - rafters, sheathing step, roofing material. Naturally, the steeper the roof slope, the better and faster the outflow of water. In addition, a high roof looks better and there is more choice of roofing for it.

As for roofing materials, each of them has its own recommended roof slope.

minimum roof pitch and cover

The minimum slope of the roof from corrugated board make it equal to 12 degrees, for a roof covered with metal tiles, the slope increases to 15 degrees. But with such a small angle of the roof slope, all the joints between separate sheets or other elements must be treated with a water- and frost-resistant sealant. In addition, if the roof slope angle is 15 degrees or more, the profiled sheet is laid with an overlap of 200 mm, with a smaller slope angle, the overlap increases by two waves. The step of the crate under the profiled sheet also depends on the angle of the roof slope. The greater the slope, the wider the crate step becomes. With a minimum slope angle, the crate can be continuous.

Roll or piece roofing materials based on bitumen, as well as membrane coatings, ondulin, can be laid on the roof with a minimum slope of only two degrees or more. When choosing roll materials, the number of layers affects the angle of inclination soft roof. The more layers, the lower the angle of the roof slope, as its waterproofing ability increases. If the soft roof is made from 1 or two layers roll material, then the angle of the roof slope can reach up to 15 degrees.

Soft tiles(ondulin) can be laid on a roof with a slope angle of 11 degrees, but the crate in this case must be continuous.

Minimum slope pitched roof covered asbestos-cement sheets or ceramic tiles the slope of the roof slope must be at least 22 degrees. You should also not forget that the smaller the angle of slope of a pitched roof covered with slate or natural tiles, the greater the load is created on the truss system along the entire slope plane. Therefore, the truss system must be calculated taking into account the slope of the roof.

How and with what is the angle of the roof slope measured?

The slope angle of any roof can be calculated using geometric functions or a device called an inclinometer. The angle of the roof slope can be measured in degrees, percentages or their ratios.

The mathematical approach to the calculation is to first find out the length of the legs or hypotenuse. The hypotenuse will be a straight line represented by the roof slope. The opposite leg will be the distance from the overlap to the ridge, the length of the adjacent leg is the distance from the middle of the overlap to eaves overhang one of the roof slopes.

Knowing two of the three values ​​using trigonometric functions you can easily calculate the minimum slope of a soft roof. The resulting value of the sine, cosine or tangent, depending on the dimensions of which components of the right triangle were used, is used to find the percentage value of the roof slope angle using an engineering calculator.

Another way to determine the angle of the roof slope is to determine the ratio between the height from the ceiling to the ridge and half the width of the ceiling. The height is divided by ½ the width of the building and multiplied by 100. Further determination takes place according to a special table.

Roofs made with a minimum slope must be equipped with the correct drainage system. The slope of the roof is made towards the water intake funnels, if provided internal system catchment, and towards the gutters, if an external catchment is arranged.

Despite the fact that the construction of a roof is the last stage in the construction of any structure, the design and calculation of roof parameters is included in a number of basic design requirements that are calculated at the initial stage. Most often, the angle of the roof is chosen not only on the basis of aesthetic considerations, but also strictly taking into account the practical and functional capabilities of the building, because the roof protects any home from bad weather.

Roof types

Before dealing with the issue of device and task required angle roof slope, you need to accurately determine with roof shape. Depending on the arrangement of the roof, several main types of structures can be distinguished:

1. Shed roof is characterized by the presence of an inclined plane, which is located on the walls of different heights. The device of such a profile is possible when using any roofing material.
2. Gable roof considered the most reliable and easiest to install. This design has two inclined planes. The range of material used in the manufacture is quite diverse.
3. The hipped shape of the roof is due to the presence of several isosceles triangles, the vertices of which close at one point. The disadvantage of this form can be called the need to create complex truss system, which is offset by a small amount of consumables.
4. The vaulted ceiling is made of stone or brick. It is rarely used in individual construction, as it is very heavy.
5. hip roof is Very complex structure , which has four slopes (two trapezoidal and two triangular), with cut tops.

A pitched roof is considered if the minimum roof slope is ten degrees.

There are two main types of roofing:

1. The operated roof is used when it becomes necessary to create additional rooms in the space between the ceiling and the roof itself.
2. An unused roof is a variant of the lack of space between the upper ceiling and the roof, or the use of this area for technical purposes. Flat roofs refer to this type of surface. They have a roof slope of 2-7 degrees, while the distance between the ceiling and the roof is not more than one and a half meters.

The construction of such roofs is beneficial, as it requires minimal cost for work and materials. High reliability determines the frequent use of a flat roof.

Pitched roofs make it possible to use free space for the needs of economic purposes (attic, attic). At good insulation living quarters can be arranged.

Factors Affecting Roof Slope

When building a roof, it is necessary to take into account some factors that can have a significant impact on its further safe operation. These factors include:

1. Natural factors are fundamental parameters for calculating the angle of the roof slope, as they take into account the climate of the area where the building will be located. The wind situation has a significant impact on both the truss system and the entire structure as a whole.
2. Technical factors take into account performance characteristics roofing material used in the construction of a protective surface.

wind load

Due to the high windage of the roofing, Special attention should be devoted to creating optimal slope roofs. Roofs with a large angle of inclination are more susceptible to the damaging effects of wind. Therefore, given the wind situation in a certain area, you can calculate the required slope coating surface.

It is better to make a more sloping roof, and a reinforced truss system. Let this construction option cost more, but your house will be reliably protected from the wind. However, it is necessary to take into account not only the strength of the wind, but also its direction. It is better for metal tiles that the wind is directed to the plane of the sheets, since when directed to the end of the sheet, there is a high probability of its separation. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to the location of the entire structure in order to avoid aerodynamic lift, which tends to tear off roofing from the wall of the building.

The value of wind and snow load can be found from a map compiled from long-term observations for the entire territory Russian Federation. It is in accordance with such maps that the location of all buildings.

Snow load

It is clear that on the vast territory of Russia there are many different zones where the influence of falling snow significantly affects the entire surface of the roof of a building. Therefore, the main task of the correct calculation of the snow load is to determine the optimal angle of the roof slope. The steeper the slope, the less snow can linger on its surface, which simplifies the truss structure.

The calculation of the angle of inclination must be made taking into account the correction factors:

• an angle of inclination less than 25 degrees corresponds to a coefficient of unity;
• at an angle of 25 to 60 degrees - a coefficient of 0.7;
• on roofs with a slope of more than 60 degrees, snow loads are not taken into account.

It is easy to see that the value changes only at a slope of 25-60 degrees. So, to determine the actual snow load on the surface, you need to multiply the value determined from the map by a coefficient. But this is only part of the calculation.

Influence of the roofing material on the slope

When constructing a roof, apply various coatings. Of course, not yet invented perfect material, which would correspond to all regions.

There are basic coatings that are most often used in construction:

1. Slate. This material is considered the easiest to install, reliable in operation and cheap to purchase. It has excellent indicators of moisture resistance and frost resistance, as well as high performance fire safety. Modern manufacturers have been able to improve and appearance products (color, shape). On pitched structures, the minimum slope is six degrees, while it should be borne in mind that the severity of the material implies the installation of a reinforced truss system.
2. Tiling. IN Lately the use of this material has gained particular popularity. There are a huge number of varieties of tiles. Basic positive trait the durability of the coating and the ease of carrying out are considered repair work. The minimum tilt angle is 10 degrees.
3. metal profile. Lightweight and durable material which is made from galvanized steel sheets. It is an environmentally friendly coating that is resistant to rust. Currently, manufacturers offer a wide range of materials for color scheme, size and direction of the waves. The guarantee for this coating is up to 75 years. At small slope angles, overlapping of sheets in two waves is required. The step of the crate must be increased with increasing slope. Flat roofs need to be done continuous crate, since when loaded with snow, leaf deflection may occur.
4. Roof panels. The production of panels is carried out directly at the enterprise, and they represent almost finished roof. They contain several layers, thermal insulation, vapor insulation and the slab itself. Installation is very simple. Fastening is made with a special tape. The material is good, comfortable, but has a rather high cost.
5. Materials on a bituminous basis (roofing material). Such a coating is most often used in the construction of flat structures. For good protection against moisture, an increase in the number of layers is required.

When applied to flat roofs tile metal or profile metal is recommended to process joints with frost-resistant and moisture-resistant sealants. The size of the overlaps of such materials depends on the angle of the roof. This also applies to slate surfaces.

Thus, the angle of inclination of the roof is a very important indicator, on which the time of its trouble-free operation completely depends. The main thing is to choose the right design and correctly calculate the size of the roof slope. And of course, special attention must be paid to the choice of roofing material.