The sequence of actions in case of a fire in a building. Actions in the event of a fire

Timely notification of a fire in the FPS of the State Fire Service, the management and duty services of the facility should be considered necessary condition organization of effective actions to rescue people and extinguish a fire before the arrival of fire departments. Having received a signal about a fire, the head of the organization must attract forces and technical means object to the implementation of the necessary evacuation measures, as well as those that help prevent the development of fire and smoke in the premises of the building.

Main fire phases

In order to ensure that fire extinguishing measures before the arrival of fire departments do not lead to casualties among volunteers, employees of the facility, the official organizing actions to primary fire fighting, should have at least minimal knowledge of the dynamics of fire development. IN general scheme development of a fire, three main phases should be distinguished: the initial stage, the stage of volumetric development of a fire, and the damping stage of a fire.

Fire: I phase(no more than 10 minutes) - the initial stage, including the transition of ignition into a fire (1-3 minutes) and the growth of the combustion zone (5-6 minutes). During the first phase, a predominantly linear spread of fire occurs along the combustible substance or material. Burning is accompanied by copious emission of smoke, which makes it difficult to determine the location of the fire. The average volume temperature rises in the room up to 200 °C (an increase in the average volume temperature in the room is 15 °C in 1 min.). The flow of air into the room first increases and then slowly decreases. It is very important to ensure isolation at this time. this room from the outside air and call the fire department at the first sign of a fire (smoke, flame). It is not recommended to open or open windows and doors to a burning room. In some cases, with sufficient provision of the tightness of the room, self-extinguishing of the fire occurs. If the source of the fire is visible, detected at this stage of the development of the fire, then it is possible to take effective measures to extinguish the fire with primary fire extinguishing equipment (fire extinguishers, sand, asbestos sheets, coarse woolen fabrics, barrels or containers with water) before the arrival of fire departments.

Fire: II phase(30-40 min.) - the stage of volume development of the fire.

During the second phase, a rapid process occurs, the temperature inside the room rises to 250-300 ° C. The volumetric development of the fire begins when the flame fills the entire volume of the room, and the process of flame propagation no longer occurs superficially, but remotely, through air gaps. Due to the destruction of the glazing (after 15-20 minutes from the start of the fire), the inflow fresh air sharply increases the development of the fire. The rate of increase in the average volumetric temperature is up to 50 °C in 1 min. the temperature inside the room rises from 500-600 °C to 800-900 °C. The maximum burnout rate is 10-12 minutes. Stabilization of the fire occurs at 20-25 minutes from the start of the fire and lasts 20-30 minutes.

At this stage of fire development, attempts to extinguish the fire with primary fire extinguishing agents are not only useless, but also lead to the death of volunteers. If the source of combustion is detected at the stage of volumetric development of the fire, then the role primary funds fire extinguishers (fire extinguishers, sandboxes, asbestos cloths, coarse woolen fabrics, barrels or water containers) is reduced only to preventing the spread of fire along the escape routes and, thereby, ensuring the unhindered rescue of people. To directly extinguish the fire and prevent the spread of fire to new areas, before the arrival of fire departments, it is possible to use (subject to prior de-energization and the volunteers have experience in training) water from the floor-by-floor fire hydrants of the internal fire-fighting water supply.

Persons responsible for ensuring fire safety, are obliged to make sure that in their area of ​​responsibility on all keys, buttons and control knobs there are inscriptions indicating the operation for which they are intended (“enable”, “disable”, “reduce”, “add”, etc.), so that employees can:

independently (without an electrician on duty),

in a timely manner (before the use of water from fire hydrants),

unmistakably carry out stress relief from objects in the fire zone.

In addition, on the front side of power electrical panels and lighting network assemblies there should be inscriptions indicating their name and number, and with inside(for example, on doors) there should be descriptions of circuit breakers that ensure the selectivity of switching off current consumers receiving power from them.

Fire: III phase- fading stage of fire

During the third phase, afterburning occurs in the form of slow smoldering, after which, after some time (sometimes very long), the fire burns out and stops. However, despite the fading stage, the fire still requires measures to be taken to eliminate it, otherwise, under the influence of a sudden gust of wind or collapse of the structure, the fire may flare up with new force and cut off from the evacuation routes of workers who have lost their sense of danger. Usually, the elimination of a fire that has passed the full stage of volumetric development requires a thorough watering of all areas affected by fire. At the same time, in order to detect burning coals and smoldering foci, it is necessary to partially disassemble the structures, move large burnt objects from their places, and also check the walls, floors and ceilings to the touch: they must be cold.

Attention: after the complete elimination of the fire, free access to the place of fire should be prohibited! The point is not only that it is necessary to keep the place of the fire intact for the work of expert investigators to determine the causes of the fire, but also that after a fire there is always a threat of a collapse. Metal supports, not covered protective layer, expand under the action high temperature and shrink under the action of cooling water. In addition, at 450 °C, the yield strength of unprotected steel sets in, which significantly increases the risk of structural collapse.

It is important to understand that the fire departments that arrived on call cannot immediately begin combat operations to extinguish the fire without conducting the appropriate reconnaissance, which is necessary to assess the situation and take action. right decisions. When conducting reconnaissance, the head of the fire extinguishing must establish:

The presence and nature of the threat to people, their location, ways, methods and means of rescue (protection), as well as the need to protect (evacuate) property;

The presence and possibility of secondary manifestations dangerous factors fire, including those caused by the peculiarities of the technology and organization of production at the fire facility;

The exact place and area of ​​burning, what exactly burns, as well as the ways in which fire and smoke spread;

Availability, condition and ability to use funds fire protection object;

location, condition, possible ways use of nearby water sources;

The presence of electrical installations under voltage and the feasibility of turning them off;

Possible ways of introducing forces and means to save people and extinguish a fire, as well as other data necessary for selection decisive direction military operations.

The meeting of the fire brigade units arrived at the fire site by officials, responsible persons of the facility to provide the necessary advice on the above issues can significantly reduce the time for reconnaissance and increase the efficiency of firefighters' combat operations to save people and extinguish the fire.

Memo on actions in case of fire

In the event of a fire, the actions of the employees of the organization and the persons involved in extinguishing the fire should first of all be aimed at ensuring the safety of people, their evacuation and rescue.

Each employee of the organization who discovered a fire and its signs (smoke, smell of burning or smoldering) various materials, temperature increase, etc.) must:

immediately report a fire to the fire brigade by calling the city telephone “01” or by the cell phone “112” (in this case, you must clearly state the address of the organization, the place of the fire, and also indicate your position and surname);

notify the head of the organization or the employee replacing him about the fire;

use the fire warning system for people, start yourself and involve other people in evacuating the building to a safe place according to the evacuation plan;

If necessary, turn off the electricity, suspend the operation of individual units and sections that contribute to the development of fire and smoke in the premises of the building;

assess the situation and start extinguishing the source of fire with the available fire extinguishers (fire extinguishers) to eliminate it at an early stage;

organize a meeting of fire departments (to allocate a person who knows the location of access roads and water sources well for the meeting of fire departments)

If you see that you cannot cope with the fire, and the fire is rampant, you must urgently leave the premises and help people out. At the same time, people are taken out of those premises where, in a fire, there is the greatest threat to life, as well as from the upper floors of the building, children are taken out first. younger ages, the elderly and the disabled. It is very important to take warm clothes with you in winter when it is very cold and dress the children or wrap them in a blanket. When leaving the premises, it is necessary to turn off, as far as possible, electricity and gas.

In case of fire, smoke accumulates in the upper part of the room, therefore, when smoking, it is necessary to bend down or lie on the floor, covering your nose and mouth with a wet handkerchief or towel, move on all fours or crawl to the exit along the wall so as not to lose direction.

Do not try to exit through a heavily smoky corridor or stairs (smoke is very toxic).

If the staircase is cut off by fire or heavily smoky, it is best to stay indoors and wait for the arrival of firefighters. In this case, you should go to the balcony or go to the window and attract the attention of passers-by. Seal the door through which smoke can penetrate: wet rags, towels, sheets, and, tightly closing the door, try to plug the gaps between the door and the jamb.

In this case, evacuation should be carried out along balconies, external stationary, attached and retractable ladders. Go down the drainpipes, risers and with the help of tied sheets, it is unacceptable, as well as jumping from the windows of the building, because. injury and death are inevitable.

In the event of a fire at industrial facilities or at any other enterprise, in no case should panic be allowed. Under no circumstances should personnel leave the smoke zone without organizing themselves. The stream of people fleeing the fire in a panic condenses in narrow passages or in doorways. If the staff is not sufficiently trained and the enterprise does not have special means for notification, this may cause a crush and, as a result, unwanted injuries.

Basic Rules

In the event of a fire, to save human lives, as well as property or equipment, it is necessary to adhere to the following rules:

• when a fire is detected, it is necessary, if possible, to try to extinguish it, using a fire extinguisher specially designed for this or tap water. Small fires can always be covered thick cloth to block the air supply;
• if it is not possible to eliminate the fire, you need to activate;
• before trying to extinguish the flame that has arisen on the wires, it is necessary to turn off the electricity;
• when a fire starts, it is imperative to notify the fire department. You will need to give the exact address of the enterprise, your last name, and upon the arrival of the fire brigade, if possible, organize access to the fire site, clearing the way for them;
• if in the building of the enterprise sounded fire alarm, it is imperative to start the evacuation according to the plan, which must be located on each floor. It is strictly forbidden to use the elevator during a fire. To evacuate from the lower floors, window openings can be used as an exit;
• when moving in the immediate vicinity of the flame source, it is recommended to cover yourself with a wet blanket. In smoky rooms, you need to move so that the airways are as close to the floor as possible. In order not to inhale toxic fumes, it is advisable to cover your mouth and nose with a damp piece of cloth or a handkerchief;
• if the fire has spread to clothing, it is not recommended to run. In such situations, it is necessary to try to lie on the ground and successively roll over from the back to the stomach, extinguish the flame with earth, water or snow;
• the fire zone must be left from the windward side;
• when the fire brigade arrives, the head of the enterprise must inform the senior employee of the brigade about the completed evacuation of personnel, the localization of the fire, the actions taken to extinguish the fire, as well as constructive and technological features building.

Ways to prevent explosions

To prevent the occurrence of explosive situations at enterprises, a set of specific actions is used, which will depend on the specific type of product being manufactured. Some measures are considered specific and can only be applied to a few types of industrial facilities. There are guidelines that must be followed in plants that manufacture chemical products or for most of them.

The requirements for enterprises working with explosive substances primarily imply the nature of their localization. Such facilities should be located in sparsely populated and uninhabited areas. If this requirement cannot be met, during construction it is necessary to maintain a safe distance from other industrial facilities, the roadway, settlements, waterways. Such enterprises should have their own underground routes.

General area storage facilities for the storage of ammunition can be reduced by several times, thanks to special installations for the bunding of storages.

Special protection systems are used that operate in automatic mode, warning of emergency situations arising during the production process.

The territory of the enterprise and each working room must be kept clean. Industrial waste and garbage must be removed in a timely manner both as it accumulates and after completion. work shift. It is not allowed to clean working premises with the use of combustible, as well as other flammable means.

All walkways must be kept in good repair at all times and never obstructed. Each work area should have a sufficient number of primary fire extinguishing devices. Smoking is not permitted in the facility. To do this, it is necessary to equip separate places. Fire-hazardous work should be carried out only with fire extinguishing devices and in compliance with safe distance to flammable materials.

All electrical appliances, appliances, and lighting devices must be turned off at the end of the work shift. All fire extinguishing devices, as well as the alarm system, must be in good working order. You can not clutter up access to these funds with any items. If the system performance automatic alarm broken, immediate action must be taken to repair it. The operation of this device must be ensured around the clock.

Do not arbitrarily perform repair work wiring, switches, electrical appliances, lighting devices. Luminaires should be fitted with standard shades for protection. The distance between the light bulb and easily flammable products must be at least 0.5 m. Devices plugged into the socket must under no circumstances be left unattended.

Responsibilities of employees in the workplace

Employees of enterprises must always adhere to fire safety rules when performing work with flammable materials, be sure to keep cleanliness and order in the working rooms, do not litter the aisles with foreign things. Before starting work, make sure that the working equipment is installed in its place.

If violations of fire safety regulations are detected, the chief engineer or other responsible person should be aware of this. Each employee must know where the primary fire extinguishing devices are located, and also, if necessary, be able to use them. All workers should be aware of necessary actions during fire evacuation. must be clear.

Maintenance of heating systems and communications for fire water supply

Drying of any flammable substances is prohibited. Defective heating devices must not be used. The distance between heating elements and pieces of furniture should not be less than 70 cm.

fire fighting water supply network must always be kept in good condition and provide the required amount of water according to the norms to extinguish the fire. According to the instructions, the condition of fire hydrants should be checked every six months in the spring and autumn seasons.

The water supply located inside the working premises must be equipped with fire hoses located next to the taps.

Performing fire hazardous work

To perform all types of fire hazardous work, the head of the facility must issue a special work permit. Before implementation, it is necessary to coordinate the planned actions with fire department and inspect the workplace.

Permission to carry out such work may be issued for a period of not more than a day to employees who have passed preliminary training in special courses. There must be primary fire extinguishing devices at the place of carrying out hot work.

Objects made of flammable materials located within the hot work area must be protected by special coatings from sparks or watered, if necessary. Ventilation openings, openings, special inspection hatches must be covered with non-combustible materials. Before activation welding devices make sure there is no electrode in the holder. It is impossible to use power sources, the design of which includes pulse generators.