Fire protection system in the Russian Federation. On the liquidation of the private fire brigade and the transfer of its property to other types of

Main functions fire department- protection of the population, objects and property from fires. For their implementation, the following tasks are performed: fire prevention; elimination of fires; rescue operations; ensuring the operation of the system.

In legislation and in practice, fire protection means an association various organizations both state and private forms of ownership. Such organizations include supervisory authorities, structural, territorial and fire and rescue units, educational and research institutions, as well as voluntary organizations.

Prevention

One of the main tasks of the fire department is to help minimize the occurrence of fires. Supervisory authorities monitor compliance with all regulations fire safety and legal requirements. For this, all enterprises are periodically inspected in order to identify shortcomings in time. The relevant regulations in the company are eliminated by those responsible for fire safety.

Surveys are carried out, including the study of document flow, the availability of the necessary fire-fighting devices, equipment, arrangement emergency exits other important details... Also, projects of future buildings and structures are being tested. Without approval supervisory authorities acceptance of a construction object into operation is impossible. The way to influence negligent managers and their employees is through prescriptions and fines.

In addition to inspection, education and public awareness play an important role in fire prevention. Seasonal fires in forests, peat bogs, and other arid zones often occur due to human actions, as well as dangerous situations in everyday life. Therefore, experts resort to appeals through the media, posters, and organize educational programs for children and adults.

The above measures are complemented by the obligation of the federal authorities to regulate and update the regulatory framework in this area. The functioning of the system as a whole and the way its parts work depends on them. Also, officials are in charge of financial issues of targeted programs at the federal level. Recently, due to the law "On Technical Regulation", many regulations acquired the form of regulations, the effect of which extends to the departments of the Ministry of Emergency Situations.

Emergency rescue operations

Fire elimination takes place in stages. First of all, the fire brigade receives the report of the incident. Further, the employees with the equipment follow to the place of the call, having previously analyzed the information. Upon arrival, reconnaissance of the site, emergency rescue operations, and the immediate elimination of the fire are carried out. Depending on the situation, the head of extinguishing can give an order to perform special work, which is allowed to be carried out simultaneously. There are several ways to extinguish and limit fires. The so-called is calculated in advance, and in accordance with it the forces of the unit are concentrated. After extinguishing the fire, the calculation is returned to the subdivision.

When eliminating fires, firefighters have the right to use the property of citizens, which will be needed for communication, movement or extinguishing.

Their duties include evacuating people, providing first aid, creating barriers to the spread of fire. As a rule, outsiders are not allowed to the scene of an accident or access is limited to avoid casualties and interference in work. First aid is provided in certain conditions of the victims, the list of which is approved by the order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. The fire brigade responds to fires on calls, oral communications, visible signs of fire, or when a signal arrives at automatic systems alerts.

An individual is appointed. Such an employee makes all key decisions, defines boundaries and can use ordinary people... The work of the fire brigade is regulated by the combat charter. The changing of the guard on duty is always in full readiness. Employees wear uniforms, strictly observe discipline. Professional skills and physical fitness are maintained at a high level.

All calls are accepted. He must monitor the situation in the area, know important objects and their characteristics, be aware of the state of technology and equipment. Keeps logs, where he records incoming calls, and is in touch with departments. Submits reports to the management on the results of the work.

Organization of performance

Fire protection is a complex government tool. Such a system can only be managed with planning and tight control. The work of any body, unit and even a volunteer is regulated by the Federal Fire Service.

To ensure the proper functioning of the system, it is necessary to know the real state of affairs in the fire brigade. The collection and processing of data on technical means fire extinguishing. The work of all departments is monitored, measures are taken to modernize equipment, improve the qualifications of employees. Also federal Service solves administrative issues related to personnel, oversees material and technical support.

According to the regulations, takes part and assists in the conduct of special examinations fire fighting equipment and licensing work. Partly coordinates the activities of accredited certification bodies within its competence. This also applies to testing laboratories. Organizations must be part of the Ministry of Emergency Situations.

Protection of labor and life of fire brigade employees is also important. The Ministry of Emergency Situations developed and implemented regulations for firefighters, defining measures for their protection. Employees of the State fire service have the right to receive free clothing and special equipment. Supplied machines, extinguishing equipment, agents individual protection and firefighter suits are subject to certification.

Plans are being drawn up to improve the work of the fire brigade. They are being developed for several years ahead and affect all aspects of the activity.

Performance is assessed through metrics. Thus, the implementation of targeted safety programs of previous years led to a decrease in mortality, the total number of victims, and economic damage by more than 20% in case of fires. The programs are aimed at introducing advanced technologies and improving the material base.

forest fires does not belong to the official duties of the said ministry, but is subordinate to Rosleskhoz. However, departmental firefighters coordinate their activities with the Ministry of Emergency Situations.

Everyone can put out a fire in the forest, but what if a real fire suddenly breaks out? Who will come to the rescue and save people? You guys surely know that brave firefighters fight fire! At the first signal, these people will rush to the scene and extinguish a fire of any complexity. Perhaps you saw huge red cars rushing with a siren roar - these are brave fire fighters who came to the rescue. Did you know that firefighters work all day long! The shift starts at eight in the morning and ends at the same time the next day.

Requirements for employees

Firefighters not only extinguish fires, but also warn them. EMERCOM employees monitor the construction of every building in the city or village. If it does not meet the fire safety rules, then no one will receive a building permit. Firefighters regularly inspect educational establishments, restaurants, offices, hospitals for fire extinguishers, fire hoses, emergency exits and an evacuation plan. These measures significantly reduce the risk of fire and unnecessary casualties.

Firefighters also conduct conversations in schools and kindergartens. Real rescuers talk about fire safety measures, correct behavior in a burning room or forest, and the consequences of playing with fire.

You guys already know that firefighters have to be brave, strong and agile, but there are so many more demands on rescuers! Let's put together a list of the qualities of fire fighters:

Did you know that firefighters have their own code of honor? Upon entering the service, they take a special oath, undertaking to comply with all the rules set out in the collection.

In order to meet the requirements of the profession, firefighters train a lot. A gym is equipped for them at the station so that the lifeguards are always in shape. More fighters with fire in special rooms they work out for a while every possible situation (for example, throw a hook through the window and catch on the window sill, and then get into the room along the cable in six seconds). Firefighters also study hard and hard. There are also special classes at the station, where senior specialists introduce you to the intricacies of firefighting..

Firefighters are usually tough young men and men, but women also work in fire departments. Most often they work as dispatchers. This profession requires care and precision, with which girls successfully cope. - an important person in the team: he takes calls, finds out what is burning and where, finds the nearest hydrant on the map and calculates the shortest path to the scene.

Combat equipment

It is not sewn from ordinary fabric, but from a special one. It does not burn in a fire and heats up a little. Such a fabric is called aramid, its fibers include impregnated special means semi-linen and vinyl leather (or dermantin). The materials in clothing vary depending on the severity of the fire.

The kit includes:

1. protective jacket;
2. overalls;
3. comfortable and durable boots;
4. wadded jacket and pants;
5. protective gloves;
6. heat-reflecting metal suit;
7. heat-reflecting mask with respirator;
8. gas mask with a cover;
9. metal and plastic helmets;
10. mask with cape.

Thanks to such equipment, firefighters do not care about heat and fire!

You know kids, firefighter equipment is very important! With it, you can break through the obstacles that have arisen, get into the building through the window, and so on.

Items that provide breathing in a smoky room are mandatory at every exit: respirators, gas masks and filters.

They are attached to a special belt and stored in cases. To illuminate the road in dark rooms, every firefighter must have a flashlight.

Fire fighters carry a lot of equipment to overcome various obstacles. brave rescuers cut through collapsed beams and boards; for convenience, this tool is attached to the belt. Fire ropes and rope ladders, holster and carabiner allow you to climb into hard-to-reach places, pull out people, animals and things.

Sometimes electrical appliances and wires become the cause of fire. To eliminate the fire in this case, you must first de-energize the problem. To extinguish the switched on electrical appliances with water - danger to life! For such situations, firefighters have special boots, rugs and scissors in their arsenal.

For emergency evacuations, rescuers use various: stick ladders, mechanical sliding ladder, ladder storm trooper. They allow you to rescue people from high floors.

How the fire is extinguished

In fact, there are several ways to eliminate a fire. For a long time, the most famous and widespread is water. To supply it, there are fire hydrants throughout the city, to which a hose (fire hose) is attached. Also, water is transported in tanks by special fire engines. It is pumped out of them with special manual or mechanical pumps.

However, not everything can be extinguished with water: ignited electrical appliances, when interacting with water, can lead to death. First, they must be de-energized, and then covered with sand. It is carried in special cone-shaped buckets.

A firefighter always has fire extinguishers in his outfit. They are different types, that is, filled with different substances. Some are filled with gas (for example, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon and aerosol), others with foam (cannot be used when igniting electrical appliances and combustible fuels like gasoline), and still others with powder.

Did you know that the first fire extinguishers appeared in the first quarter of the 18th century? In 1715, the German inventor Zachariah Grail patented a device that was a barrel made of strong wood filled with twenty liters of water. A wick and a container with gunpowder were attached to the vessel. The fire extinguisher was thrown into the fire, where it exploded, thereby extinguishing the fire. And at the beginning of the 19th century, the Englishman George Manby invented the fire extinguisher in the form that we see today. His device was a copper vessel filled with a chemical powder under high pressure.

If a fire suddenly breaks out, you need to call "01", tell the address and what exactly ignited. After receiving the alarm, the dispatcher calculates the shortest route, finds a fire hydrant on the map and transmits all information to the rescue team. All of these actions take less than 60 seconds. Having received an alarm signal, firefighters in 20 seconds fully assemble and go to the rescue.

This is a very dangerous and nervous profession, so every fire brigade employee must be stress-resistant, have a lightning-fast reaction and be in excellent physical shape.

What kind of education is needed?

You don't have to have to be a firefighter. higher education... It will be quite enough to have a diploma of the completion of secondary vocational education, received by a future employee of the Ministry of Emergencies at a college, technical school or school. The basis for acquiring knowledge in these institutions is considered practical lessons with equipment and technology.

A high position can be obtained by studying at the academies of the Ministry of Emergencies. In addition to practical knowledge in universities and institutes, serious theoretical basis, which helps to better get used to new job, understand how to behave in each situation.

Maybe you noticed in old pictures that almost all firefighters have long mustaches? This is by no means a decoration, like that of the hussars, it was useful in the service. While extinguishing the fire, firefighters wet their mustaches in their mouths and inserted them into their noses. This trick helped to breathe even in a heavily smoky room. It was from this that the expression "whipped mustache" came from.