Alteration of the Khrushchev series 1 447s. Unusual redevelopment. Space-planning and design solutions

The general purpose of surveys building structures is the identification of the degree of physical wear and tear, the reasons for their condition, the actual performance of structures and the development of measures to ensure their performance.

Before starting the survey, it is necessary to determine the reasons for the survey work, their volume, composition and nature. The main reasons for conducting survey work can be:

the presence of defects and damage to structures (for example, due to force, corrosion, temperature or other influences, including uneven subsidence of foundations), which can reduce the strength, deformation characteristics of structures and worsen the operational state of the building as a whole;


an increase in operational loads and impacts on structures during redevelopment, modernization and increase in the number of storeys of a building;


reconstruction of buildings even in cases not accompanied by an increase in loads;


identification of deviations from the design that reduce the bearing capacity and performance of structures; lack of design, technical and executive documentation;


changing the functional purpose of buildings and structures;


deformation of soil foundations;


the need to monitor and assess the state of structures of buildings located near newly constructed structures;


the need to assess the state of building structures exposed to fire, natural Disasters natural character or man-made accidents;

the need to determine the suitability of production and public buildings for normal operation, as well as residential buildings for living in them.

Depending on the tasks set, building surveys cover the following stages:

Preparation for the survey


familiarization with the object of the survey, its space-planning and constructive solution, materials of engineering and geological surveys;


selection and analysis of design and technical documentation;


drawing up a work program based on the technical assignment received from the customer. The terms of reference are developed by the customer or the design organization and, possibly, with the participation of the survey contractor. The terms of reference are approved by the customer, agreed by the contractor and, if necessary, by the design organization - the developer of the draft assignment.


Preliminary (visual) examination


complete visual inspection of building structures and identification of defects and damages on outward signs with necessary measurements and fixing them.


Detailed (instrumental) examination


work on measuring the necessary geometric parameters of buildings, structures, their elements and units, including using geodetic instruments;


instrumental determination of the parameters of defects and damages;


determination of the actual strength characteristics of the materials of the main supporting structures and their elements;


measurement of the parameters of the operating environment inherent technological process in a building and structure;


determination of real operational loads and influences perceived by the inspected structures, taking into account the effect of deformations of the soil base;


determination of the real design scheme of the building and its individual designs;


determination of design forces in load-bearing structures that receive operational loads;


calculation of the bearing capacity of structures based on the results of the survey;


office processing and analysis of inspection results and verification calculations;


analysis of the causes of defects and damage in structures;


drawing up a final document (act, conclusion, technical calculation) with conclusions based on the results of the survey;


determination of the characteristics of materials of the examined structures in laboratory conditions;

O generalization of survey results.

The nature and volume of field examinations are determined specific tasks delivered by the customer of the work to the performers.

When inspecting buildings, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of the materials from which the structures are made.

Based on the results of the inspection and verification calculations, the states of the supporting structures are determined. According to this assessment, structures are subdivided into: being in good working order, working condition, limited working condition, unacceptable condition and emergency condition.

In good and efficient condition, the operation of structures under actual loads and impacts is possible without restrictions. At the same time, for structures that are in working condition, the requirement for periodic inspections during operation can be established.

With a limited working condition of structures, it is necessary to monitor their condition, take protective measures, monitor the parameters of the operation process (for example, limiting loads, protecting structures from corrosion, restoring or strengthening structures). If the structures of limited functionality remain unreinforced, then mandatory repeated examinations are required, the timing of which is established on the basis of the survey carried out.

In case of an unacceptable state of structures, it is necessary to carry out measures to restore and strengthen them.

In case of an emergency state of structures, their operation should be prohibited.

The criterion for assessing the technical condition of the building as a whole and its structural elements and engineering equipment is physical deterioration... During many years of operation structural elements and engineering equipment constantly wear out under the influence of physical, mechanical and chemical factors; their mechanical, operational qualities decrease, various malfunctions... All this leads to the loss of their original value.

The physical wear and tear of a structure, element, system of engineering equipment and a building as a whole should be understood as the loss of their initial technical and operational qualities (strength, stability, reliability, etc.) as a result of the impact of climatic factors and human life.

Physical wear and tear at the time of its assessment is expressed by the ratio of the cost of objectively necessary repair measures that eliminate damage to a structure, element, system or building as a whole, and their replacement cost.

Many factors affect the time it takes for a building to reach the maximum permissible physical deterioration, at which the further operation of the building is practically impossible. Limit physical deterioration of the building according to " Regulations on the procedure for resolving issues on the demolition of residential buildings during the reconstruction and development of cities”Is 70%. These buildings are subject to demolition due to dilapidation. The main factors affecting the time the building reaches the maximum permissible physical wear and tear are:

the quality of the building materials used;

frequency and quality of the renovation works;

quality technical operation;

quality of constructive solutions for major repairs;

period of non-use of the building;

population density.

Assessment of the condition of the building depending on the general physical deterioration

When the building is not in use (a resettled building), physical deterioration occurs several tens of times faster than during normal operation of a populated house. A significant impact on the growth of physical wear and tear of the resettled building is exerted by the changed thermal and humidity regime inside the building, which leads to the accelerated destruction of structural elements and engineering equipment.

To solve specific problems of modernization of old residential buildings, it is not enough to know the general physical deterioration of the building. It is necessary to know the technical condition of the main structural elements that cannot be replaced (foundations, walls, stairs, reinforced concrete floors) and their residual service life.

To determine the physical wear and tear of a structure, element or system with different degrees of wear of individual sections, it should be determined by the formula:

,

where is the physical wear and tear of a structure, element or system,%;

physical wear of a section of a structure, element or system, determined by VSN 53-86r,%;

- dimensions (area or length) of the damaged area, sq.m or m;

Dimensions of the entire structure, sq.m or m;

n is the number of damaged areas.

And when determining the physical deterioration of a building, you must use the following formula:

where is the physical deterioration of the building,%;

Physical wear and tear of a separate structure, element or system,%;

Coefficient corresponding to the share of the replacement cost of an individual structure, element or system in the total replacement cost of the building;

n is the number of individual structures, elements or systems in the building.

The shares of the replacement cost of individual structures, elements and systems in the total replacement cost of a building, (in%) should be taken according to the enlarged indicators of the replacement cost of residential buildings, approved in the prescribed manner, and for structures, elements and systems that do not have approved indicators - according to their estimated cost.

The averaged shares of the replacement cost of the enlarged structural elements of the building are taken according to analogous estimates.

Numerical values ​​of physical wear and tear should be rounded: for individual sections of structures, elements and systems - up to 10%; for structures, elements and systems - up to 5%; for the building as a whole - up to 1%.

For laminated structures - walls and coverings, dual assessment systems for physical wear should be used; according to the technical condition and service life of the structure. A higher value should be taken for the final assessment of physical wear and tear.

The physical wear of a laminated structure in terms of service life should be determined by the formula

where is the physical wear of the laminated structure,%;

Physical wear of the layer material, determined according to Figures 1.3.1 and 1.3.2, depending on the service life of the given laminated structure,%;

- coefficient, defined as the ratio of the cost of the layer material to the cost of the entire structure;

n is the number of layers.

In addition to physical wear and tear, the building is aging morally.

Obsolescence occurs regardless of physical wear and tear and represents a decrease and loss of the operational qualities of buildings caused by changes in regulatory requirements for their planning, improvement, comfort. Due to the growth in the material security of the city's population, the moral deterioration of the building often occurs earlier than the physical one. There are two forms of obsolescence. The first is to reduce labor costs and reduce the cost of production as scientific and technological progress develops. The second form of obsolescence is the aging of a building, its elements or engineering systems due to the inconsistency of the existing at the time of assessment with the normative space-planning, constructive, sanitary and hygienic and other requirements.

Obsolescence old housing stock - this is the devaluation of a residential building as a result of a decrease in the costs of the necessary labor for the construction of a residential building in modern conditions, similar in volumetric planning solutions and interior improvement to previously erected houses as a result of an increase in labor productivity and inconsistencies in volumetric planning and engineering solutions that do not provide a modern level of living comfort compared to new construction.

The first form of obsolescence leads to a decrease in the initial cost of the housing stock, which is reflected in the replacement cost of the building and, consequently, in a decrease in depreciation charges by overhaul, i.e., to reduce the cost of housing services.

Unlike the first form of obsolescence, the second form leads to additional capital investments necessary to eliminate technical and functional aging, which, in turn, contributes to an increase in depreciation charges for major repairs and full recovery modernized buildings.

Aging of a building is accompanied in time by physical and moral deterioration of its elements and engineering systems, but the factors causing this aging have different causes. If physical deterioration is prevented by methods of technical operation, then obsolescence during operation cannot be prevented. Since obsolescence is caused by scientific and technological progress in industry and construction, it can only be predicted at the design stage, taking such space-planning and Constructive decisions, which ensure their compliance with the applicable regulations for a longer period of building operation.

2. Normative and valid terms of operation

The service life of a building is the duration of its trouble-free operation.

When determining the standard service life of a building, the average trouble-free service life of the main load-bearing elements: foundations, walls (it may be 40-150 years old, depending on the material-bearing structures). At the same time, the service life of individual building elements can be 2-3 times less normative term building service. Therefore, for trouble-free and comfortable use of the building, it is necessary to replace these elements (floors - after 40 years, wooden floors- in 60 years, radiators - in 40 years, pipelines - in 30 years).

The standard service life is determined taking into account the compliance with the requirements of the maintenance and repair system for building elements. If they are not performed, then the structure will fail prematurely, the frequency of repair work depends on the durability of the materials from which the structure is made or engineering system, intensity of loads and environmental impact, technological and other factors. The reliability of the elements is ensured when performing a set of measures for the maintenance and repair of buildings, in which scheduled repairs are of prime importance.

The standard service life of the 1-447 series is 150 years, the buildings belong to the first industrial series, the capital group “Especially capital”. The periods of "life" of a structure of this type are presented in the "life chart below."

1967	1969	2030	2097	2117

3. Brick houses series 1-447

Brick houses of the 1-447 series belong to the structural system with three longitudinal load-bearing walls (the so-called three-walled), wall step 6m... Internal longitudinal load-bearing wall 380 mm... External walls - load-bearing thickness 640 mm. The slabs are usually made of hollow-core decking with a thickness 220 mm with girder support on external and internal longitudinal walls. The roof is pitched, with a walk-through attic, wooden rafters and slate roofing.

Typical mass series houses are capital housing stock built from durable materials, equipped with all basic types of engineering equipment, focused on family settlement. The reliability of the overwhelming majority of buildings of the 1-447 series is beyond doubt: over the past 30-35 years of operation, practically not a single residential building of this series has come into an emergency state that threatens people's lives. Surveys revealed the presence of significant margins of strength and stability, which would make it possible, without reinforcing structures, to build on such buildings with one or two floors. This accounts for up to 40% of the total area of ​​the house. Replacements require internal network engineering, roof coverings, as well as enclosing structures, thermal insulation characteristics which do not meet modern requirements.

A radical approach to the problems of "Khrushchev" is their demolition and the construction of new multi-storey buildings on the vacated site. The disadvantage of this method is the need to attract large funds. High costs associated with dismantling and recycling work construction waste as well as providing permanent resettlement fund... Compaction of buildings inevitably causes the need for a complete modernization of the engineering infrastructure of the reconstruction area, which, in turn, requires significant investment. When reconstructing areas of existing dense urban development, multi-storey construction is often unacceptable.

Complete reconstruction this kind of structure requires significant mobile resettlement fund and, as practice shows, it costs several times more expensive than new construction.

An alternative solution is partial reconstruction which uses the residual value of the Khrushchevs. This method significantly reduces one-time costs and reconstruction time, which makes such projects most suitable for large-scale programs.

The basis of this approach is the creation of additional living space and the implementation of all work of resettlement of residents. The costs of repairing utilities, thermal insulation of facades and strengthening of balconies are compensated for through the commercial sale of space on the built-up floors.

Reconstruction of residential buildings is a strategic direction for solving the housing problem. It allows not only to extend the life of residential buildings, but also to significantly improve their quality, transform the appearance of cities and towns. At the same time, during reconstruction and major repairs, it becomes possible to significantly increase the total area of ​​residential buildings, to create new types of dwellings and premises of a different significance in them. The increase in the total area is achieved by adding additional floors, increasing the size and number of summer rooms (balconies and loggias) and adding new volumes to the reconstructed buildings.

Inventory data of the surveyed structure.

Typical inventory data of brick houses series 1-447

Location - Izhevsk, st. Pushkinskaya,

The plot is located in a residential area.

The main facade is oriented along the red line of st. Pushkinskaya.

The purpose of the building is residential.

The year of construction is 1966-1968.

Year of the last major overhaul - not specified

Number of floors - five

Building volume - 15331 m W

Built-up area - 868.8 m 2

General effective area — 3512.6 m 2

Living space - 3062 m 2

Number of apartments for 1 house: one-room apartments - 40;

two-room — 20;

three-room — 20

total - 80

Average apartment area - 38.3 m 2

Height of living quarters - 248 cm
Longitudinal load-bearing walls 380 mm thick.
External walls silicate and / or ordinary clay bricks, 510 mm
Panel overlaps are round-hollow, prestressed 220 mm.

Number of stairs - 4

Capital group I (especially capital, foundations - reinforced concrete, walls - solid brick, floors - reinforced concrete, durability - 150 years

Interior improvement

Heating is central.

Power supply - 220/380 V

Water supply - cold and hot

Sewerage - household / fecal

Gas supply - from the main network

Radio - available, from the mountains. the network

Ventilation - available

Telephone - available from the mountains. the network

Historiography of the object

The microdistrict of brick houses series 1-447 was erected in the center of Izhevsk on the street. Pushkinskaya in 1966-1968. The buildings are frameless with walls made of small-sized materials (bricks). The houses are still standing after scheduled preventive repairs and major repairs of the roof and sanitary equipment. A survey of the technical condition of the structures was carried out, the data of which are given below.

4. Inspection of the house 261a on the street. Pushkinskaya

Foundations- strip prefabricated reinforced concrete.

Minor damage was found in the blind area of ​​the building. At the corners of the building, on the plinth, the destruction of the plaster can be seen. Cracks were found in the basement of the building along the entire perimeter of the building.

On the side of the southern facade, 3 cracks were found in the brickwork from the basement to the window opening. Traces of moistening of the base are visible. There are no ventilation vents.

Quantification in accordance with VSN 53-86 table. 5 - crack opening width up to 2 mm, depth more than 10 mm; uneven settlement with a deflection of the walls up to 0.01 of the length of the wall.

Physical deterioration in accordance with VSN 53-86 table. 4 is equal to 60%.

Walls- load-bearing brick. Small cracks and potholes were found. Falling out of individual bricks is observed. Weathered seams, weakened brickwork. Efflorescence and traces of moisture were found on the eastern façade. Cracks in the masonry along the seam and at the junction of the lintel. The depth of destruction of seams is up to 4 cm in an area of ​​up to 50%.

Physical deterioration in accordance with VSN 53-86 table. 10 is equal to 40%.

During operation in brick walls ah of buildings, various defects occur, caused by uneven settlement of buildings, atmospheric influences, increased vibration, violations of the rules of operation and a number of other reasons.

The main wall defects are cracks, a decrease in the strength characteristics of the wall material, freezing, deviation from the vertical, loss protective properties horizontal waterproofing. During the repair, the properties are restored that were lost by the walls during the period of operation. For this, the causes of defects in the walls of buildings are initially established and eliminated.

Reconstruction and overhaul of brick walls should be carried out in accordance with the design and estimate documentation for overhaul and the project for the production of repair and construction works.

Inspection of stone and reinforced stone structures is carried out taking into account the requirements of SNiP 11-22-81 "Stone and reinforced stone structures", as well as "Recommendations for strengthening the stone structures of buildings and structures."

Before examining stone structures, it is necessary to identify their structure by highlighting the load-bearing elements. It is especially important to take into account the real dimensions of the supporting elements, design scheme, to assess the magnitude of deformations and destruction, to identify the conditions for bearing on the stone structure of beams, slabs and other bending elements, the state of reinforcement (in reinforced-masonry structures) and embedded parts. The size and nature of defects, the presence of typical damage (chips and cracks) directly depend on the above conditions.

To determine the strength of the masonry, instruments and devices of mechanical action, as well as ultrasonic devices, are used. With hammers and chisels, by a series of blows, it is possible to approximate the quality state of the material of stone and concrete structures... More accurate data are obtained with the help of special hammers, that is, devices of mechanical action, based on the assessment of traces or impact results on the surface of the test structure. The simplest, albeit less accurate, instrument of this kind is Fizdel's hammer. A ball of a certain size is pressed into the impact end of the hammer. By means of an elbow strike, which creates approximately the same force in different people, a trail-hole remains on the surface under investigation. In terms of its diameter, c. using a calibration table, the strength of the material is estimated.

A more accurate tool is Kashkarov's hammer, when using it, the force of the ball hitting the test material is taken into account by the size of the track on a special rod located behind the ball.

Interfloor overlaps- prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs per room. Cracks were found in the seams between floor slabs up to 1 mm wide. In some places, mortar falls out of the seams due to minor deformations in height. Traces of leaks in the places where the plates rest on the outer walls

Quantification in accordance with VSN 53-86 table. 30 - crack width up to 1 mm. Damage in the area up to 10%

Physical deterioration in accordance with VSN 53-86 table. 30 is 35%.

Prefabricated deflections reinforced concrete floors with flat ceilings in spans l> 7 m should not exceed 1/200 of the span, and when l= 7 m - 1/300.

The presence of deflections exceeding the indicated ones indicates a decrease in the rigidity of the structure with the manifestation of individual hidden defects of the plates (panels).

The deflection of the slabs is determined not only in the middle part of the ceiling, but also along the line of abutment of the slab to the external load-bearing walls or internal partitions(especially in cases where the floor slab according to the project does not fit into the outer wall).

To identify the causes of deformation of the floor and its quantitative assessment, it is necessary:

• measure the deflections of defective slabs (panels);
• identify the presence of cracks, their direction and measure the width of the opening;
• determine the location of the working reinforcement of the slabs; determine the strength of concrete floor slabs;
• organize repeated measurements of deflections every six months to identify the dynamics of their growth (when making measurements on the slabs in which measurements were taken, they are marked with a risk, and their marks are put on the diagram).

With an increase in the deflections revealed during repeated measurements, it is necessary to reinforce the overlap. When the deflections are stabilized, finishing repairs can be made with grouting cracks.

The roof is hipped - Rafter system layered from a bar with a section 160x220 mm step by step 0.6-0.6 m. Mauerlat from a bar with a section 150x150 mm, racks from a bar section 220x100 mm

No rot or deformation was found. Partial damage to parts of dormers.

Physical deterioration in accordance with VSN 53-86 table. 38 is equal to 10%.

Roof- metal lathing made of bars 50x60 mm, there is a weakening of the fastening of individual sheets, in places of leaks.

Physical deterioration in accordance with VSN 53-86 table. 43 is equal to 20%.

The stairs are examined from bottom to top, while not only chips and damage on the stepping part of the stairs are recorded, but their node of bearing on the landing, as well as interior flight of stairs.

Stairs- from prefabricated reinforced concrete elements. Marching slabs (stringers) have cracks and outcrops of reinforcement, deflection of stringers and flights. Marches and platforms have local destruction, cracks in the mating of the marching plates with the supporting structures.Quantification in accordance with VSN 53-86 Table 35 - crack width up to 2 mm, deflection of stringers up to 1/200 span. Physical deterioration in accordance with VSN 53-86 table. 35 is 60%. Floors- concrete buildings in the surveyed part of the building. There is observed erasure of the surface of the running places, shallow potholes, minor damage to the baseboards. Physical deterioration in accordance with VSN 53-86 table. 48 is equal to 40%.

Balconies- from reinforced concrete slabs, cantilever. Some of the slabs have a slope greater than the norm, large cracks and destruction of fences. Traces of moisture were found on almost every balcony slab on the lower plane and on sections of the wall adjacent to the balcony.
On the bottom surface rust stains, traces of leaks. Cracks. Reinforcement exposure and corrosion.

Quantification in accordance with VSN 53-86 table. 37 - crack opening width up to 2 mm;

Physical deterioration in accordance with VSN 53-86 table. 37 is equal to 50%.

Leaks in the places where balcony slabs are embedded are, as a rule, the result of poor-quality sealing (sealing) of the joints between the slab and the wall or other defects in the embedding of balcony slabs or door frames, insufficient slope balcony slab(less than 2%).

When examining the junction of the balcony slab with the wall, one should identify visible leaks in the junction, defects in the junction of the node (absence of a threshold, etc.) and mating the lower plane of the balcony door frame with the threshold, the slope of the balcony slab.

Based on the results of the survey of the balcony structures, a decision should be made on how to eliminate the leakage, including the following: creating a slope of the screed laid on the surface of the balcony slab, sealing and sealing the joints of the balcony slab with the wall, sealing door frame at the threshold, change of waterproofing, forged steel overhangs, etc.

Doors- entrance doors to the entrances, metal with a vestibule and with an intercom.

Sealing gaskets are worn out, in places there are cracks at the junction of the boxes with the walls. The doors in the vestibule are wooden.

Small superficial cracks at the junction of boxes with walls and partitions, worn-out door leaves. The door leaves have sagged or have a loose rebate along the perimeter of the box, the platbands are damaged.

Physical deterioration in accordance with VSN 53-86 table. 57-58 is equal to 40%.

Finishing coatings - In entrances on the walls there is peeling, swelling and in some places lagging of paint with putty up to 10% of the surface. In some places, broken spots with an area of ​​less than 1m 2 to 5% of the surface area. Mass stains, peeling, swelling and falling off of the paint layer with putty. Physical deterioration in accordance with VSN 53-86 table. 60, 63 is equal to 80%.	Porch- concrete platforms with cantilever canopies made of reinforced concrete slabs. The concrete on the edges of the slabs has crumbled, reinforcement is visible. The porches are flooded with water during snow melting and rains.

Conclusion

The building of a residential building has been in operation for 44 years. The general physical wear for March 2010 is defined as the arithmetic average of the wear of all structures and materials. It is equal to 42.1%

The result is rounded to 1%, the physical deterioration of the building - 36%

Technical conclusion with an assessment of the physical condition of the object

The building is in a habitable condition. But it is still necessary to reconstruct the building with the resettlement of residents on a temporary or permanent basis. During the reconstruction, it is necessary to provide for the following measures:

Perform landscaping and landscaping of the courtyard area.

Build on an additional floor with an attic, checking the brickwork and the bearing capacity of the foundations.

Expand and improve entrance groups and escape routes

Expand the building's body by installing heated loggias.

In accordance with VSN 61-89, in planning options, it is necessary to take into account changes in the regulatory requirements for housing, which have passed over half a century.

The reconstruction as a whole envisages the expansion of the living space due to the construction of the attic floor and residential annexes along the ends of the building. Each of the options provides for measures to equip the reconstructed structure with elevator and waste collection shafts. The ground floor for both options is intended for enterprises and institutions of a social nature.

Option 1- small-sized economy class housing, provides for only one device, two-room apartments on every floor, including the attic.

Option 2 is a project with extended layouts.

General requirements for the project of reconstruction of residential buildings of the first mass series

Improvement of the adjacent territory, linked to the architectural and artistic solution of residential buildings. An integrated solution for the development is low-rise well-maintained quarters of a residential microdistrict.

The basic requirements for insolation have been fulfilled in accordance with
with SNiP 2.08.01-8 9
(General provisions. Sanitary and hygienic requirements, illumination and insolation).

• The duration of insolation corresponding SNiP 2.07.01-89 *, provided: in one-, two- and three-room apartments ah - in at least one room; in four-, five-, six-room - not less than two rooms.

  Living rooms, kitchens, non-canalized toilets, entrance lobbies The stairwells have natural light. Natural lighting is taken according to the requirements SNiP II-4-79. At the same time, the ratio of the area of ​​light openings of all living rooms and kitchens of apartments to the floor area of ​​these premises does not exceed 1: 5.5.

  Premises with natural lighting are provided with ventilation through transoms, vents and other devices in accordance with the norms of the III climatic region. At the same time, the apartments are provided with through or corner ventilation.

  The stairwells are illuminated through windows in the outer walls of each floor. Ventilation of the staircase is provided through opening glazed openings with an opening area of ​​more than 1.2 sq.m. on each floor.

  Fences for loggias are made of non-combustible materials.

  Norms acceptable levels noise levels for residential buildings are made in accordance with the requirements SNiP II-12-77.

Access roads have also been completed in accordance with the requirements fire safety, sidewalk footpaths along highways and guest parking.

For the passage of firefighters and other vehicles, existing passages with clear dimensions greater than: width - 3 m, height - 3.5 m are used. The possibility of entering a closed courtyard is provided.

Accommodation on the ground floor of public institutions and enterprises (self-service laundries; workshops for the repair of household machines and appliances, shoe repair; automatic telephone exchanges intended for telephone installation of residential buildings; kiosks of the union press; groups of short-term stay of children preschool age; the shops
retail trade, including specialized fish and vegetable trade;
fitness center) agreed with the residents and meets the basic requirements SNiP 2.08.01-89 (Non-residential floors).

• Height of premises public use taken equal to the height of the living quarters.

  Public premises have entrances and evacuation exits, isolated from the residential part of the building. Trade and catering establishments in the house are loaded with goods and products from the side of the front facade and the loading place is equipped with a visor.

  Engineering communications of public premises passing through the residential part are laid in independent mines, fenced fire partitions,

  The exits to the outside from the basement floor do not communicate with the stairwells of the residential part of the building and are located at least 100 m apart. The basement floor and the attic are separated by type 1 firewalls in sections. Evacuation exits from the basement floor are provided in accordance with SNiP 21-01-97 ... An exit to the attic is provided from each staircase. Each section of the attic provides access to the roof according to SNiP 21-01-97. The roof, rafters, and lathing of the attic coverings are made of non-combustible materials.

  Public premises are separated from the residential premises by type 1 fire partitions and type 3 ceilings without openings.

At the stage of preliminary design, two options are being considered with the equipment of residential buildings with elevators. Moreover, according to SNiP 2.08.01-89 (Elevators)

• Standard noise protection of residential premises adjacent to the elevator shafts is provided.

  The width of the platform in front of the elevator for passenger elevators with a lifting capacity of 400 kg is 1.2; 630 kg with a cab 2100 wide and 1100 mm deep - 1.6 m.

  The elevator shafts are not located adjacent to the living rooms.

The reconstruction project also provides for the construction of a garbage chute. At the same time, the airtightness of the waste disposal shafts and the standard noise protection of the residential premises adjacent to the waste collection chambers are ensured. According to SNiP 2.08.01-89 (Garbage disposal).

• The distance from the apartment door to the garbage chute loading valve does not exceed 25 m.

  The trunk of the chute is airtight, soundproofed from building structures and does not adjoin living quarters.

  The waste collection chamber is located directly under the shaft of the waste chute with hot and cold water supply to it. The clear height of the chamber is more than 1.95 m. It has an independent entrance with an outward opening door, isolated from the entrance to the building by a blank wall (screen), and is distinguished by fire partitions and ceilings with fire resistance limits of at least REI 60 and class fire hazard K0.

An internal organized drain is designed.

Space-planning and design solutions

The building to be reconstructed retains the existing height of the floors. The height of the added, built-on volumes is taken equal to the height of the floor of the main building, this is due to the need for the compositional unification of the preserved and erected parts of the building. According to SNiP 2.08.01-89 (Number of storeys and degree of fire resistance).

• The height of the living quarters from floor to ceiling is not less than 2.5 m. The height of the floors from the floor to the social floor is not more than 2.7 m. The height of the apartment corridors is not less than 2.1 m. In the living quarters and the kitchen located in the attic floor , adopted the same 2.7m height relative to the standardized for an area not exceeding 50% of the total area of ​​the premises.

  Fire protection of the building is provided in accordance with the requirements SNiP 21-01-97 ... According to the classification of residential buildings by functional fire hazard according to SNiP 21-01-97 accepted: Form 1.3 - apartment buildings, including for families with disabled people.

The existing ladders are preserved, which have a standardized fire resistance limit and a fire propagation limit over structures. Requirements for the design of air pressurization installations should be taken in accordance with with SNiP 2.08.01-89.

Re-planning of apartments, as well as an increase in the size of the reconstructed building will not lead to a decrease in the duration of insolation and deterioration of natural lighting conditions below the standard level both in it and in the surrounding buildings.

Fire protection requirements

Five-storey residential buildings of the III degree of fire resistance during reconstruction are allowed to build on one floor, provided that there are two-level apartments in it and on the lower floor.

Smoke removal from utility rooms with an area of ​​up to 50 sq.m, located in the first one, is provided through the windows at the ends of the corridor.

According to SNiP 2.08.01-89 (Escape routes).

• The elevation of the floor of the premises at the entrance to the building is at least 0.15 m higher than the elevation of the sidewalk in front of the entrance.

  The number of climbs in one flight of stairs or on a difference in levels is not less than 3 and not more than 18. Staircases and the platforms have fences with handrails.

  Heating devices, mailboxes are installed in the stairwells, without reducing the standard width of the passage along the stairwells and marches.

  Stairwells and elevator halls separated from premises for any purpose and floor corridors by doors equipped with shutters (doors glazed with reinforced glass), with a seal in the vestibules.

  In climatic region III, at all external entrances to residential buildings, vestibules with a depth of at least 1.2 m are provided.

Apartment

In residential buildings, rooms with a depth of more than 6 m are allowed, subject to the device exhaust ventilation from the area farthest from the window opening and providing normative natural lighting in it (option 2).

The width of the premises should be at least: a common room - 2.8 m, a bedroom - 2.2 m, a front room - 1.2 m.

Fastening appliances and piping to latrines and bathrooms directly to the fencing living rooms interroom walls and their extensions outside the rooms are allowed if the walls are made of brick or natural stone with a thickness of at least 0.38 m and the regulatory requirements for sound insulation are met.

Building structure

When designing the reconstruction of a residential building, the results of engineering surveys (technical inspection) of this object, carried out in accordance with the requirements of section 3 VSN 55-87 (p) / Gosgrazhdanstroy.

The project provides for measures to ensure the strength, stability and the required fire resistance of the building as a whole, its individual elements and structures, as well as the bearing capacity and stability of the base soils at all stages of repair and construction work and subsequent operation.

When strengthening, measures are provided to ensure effective joint work reinforcement elements and preserved structures.

The values ​​of loads and types of effects on structures and foundations, as well as on the building as a whole, should be taken in accordance with with SNiP 2.01.07-85.

Calculation and design of building elements from various materials (metal, reinforced concrete, wood, waterproofing materials etc.) are made in accordance with the requirements and provisions of the relevant chapters SNiP (part 2, group 03 according to the SNiP classifier).

Existing building structures that do not meet the structural requirements of the current standards, but have the necessary design bearing capacity are preserved without increasing the load on them.

Foundations and foundations are designed in accordance with the requirements and provisions of chapters SNiP (part 2, group 02 according to the SNiP classifier).

When designing fittings and extensions to the reconstructed building (including loggias, elevator shafts, risalits, garbage chutes, etc.), measures are provided to ensure the minimum difference in the settlement of the existing building and the volumes attached to it and the possibility of their mutual displacements without reducing the operational qualities of the building and its elements. Device expansion joints indoors is not allowed.

Noise protection and sound insulation are designed according to requirements SNiP II-12-77.

The roof is designed in accordance with the requirements SNiP II-26-76.

Modification of the 1-447 series. The houses of these series can be recognized by the adjacent pairs of balconies at the ends of the building and from the side of the entrances to the staircase. Four appeared in the houses room apartments, 2-room and 3-room apartments with an orientation to 2 sides of the house ("vest"). Reduced the number of adjoining rooms. All apartments, except for one-room apartments, have separate bathrooms with a longitudinally oriented bathroom, while the kitchen has become somewhat smaller. Distinctive feature- a beveled wall between the bathroom and the hallway to increase the area of ​​the latter.

Series: 1-447S-37

House type: brick

Manufacturer: local building materials factories

Years of construction: 1963 / 1964-1970s

Number of floors: 3-5

Number of rooms in apartments: 1,2,3,4 rooms

Height of living quarters: 2.48 m

Number of apartments per floor: 4, less often - 3

Number of sections (entrances): from 2 to 8

Elevators: No

Ventilation: natural exhaust, blocks in the kitchen and in the plumbing (bathroom)

Garbage disposal: No

Balconies: is available in all apartments except the 1st floor.

Bathrooms: separate, except for 1 room of apartments

Exterior walls: External walls - brick 38-40 cm thick (in some houses, low-quality silicate bricks were used). In some houses, the outer layer of the outer walls is made of brick blocks.

Load-bearing walls: Longitudinal outer, longitudinal central inter-apartment, transverse inter-apartment, as well as staircase walls

Interroom and interroom carriers: Interior partitions - large concrete 8 cm thick

You can understand that this is not an ordinary "khrushchob", but an improved version of it, by the reduced number of balconies on the facade, and most importantly - by the paired balconies on the side of the entrances and a pair of balconies at the ends of the house.

1-447 is one of the most common in the country. The houses of this project are present in absolutely all regions of Russia. The construction of houses of the 1-447 series continued from 1958 to 1980 in an already modified form. Based on the series of houses 1-447, several dozen modifications arose - from series 1-447С-1 to 1-447С-54. The changes concerned the number of storeys, equipping with elevators and renovation of the outer walls.

In Moscow, series 1-447 is mainly found in the districts that became part of the city after 1960: Kuntsevo, Tushino, Degunino, Cheryomushki, Dmitrovsky, Babushkinsky, Lyublino, Sviblovo, Butovo, Ochakovo-Matveevsky, Kosino-Ukhtomsky, Vnukovo, Kryukovo ...

In the Moscow region, houses of series 1-447 were built in the cities: Dolgoprudny, Khimki, Zheleznodorozhny, Bykovo, Dmitrov, Shcherbinka, Pavlov Posad, Zvenigorod, Balashikha, Klimovsk, Solnechnogorsk, Klin, Lobnya, Golitsyno, Pushkino, Monino, Reutov, Lyubertsy, Aprelevka etc.

"" Series 1-447 are recognizable by the outer walls of uncladded bricks, two rows of windows in the end sides (usually without balconies) and a rectangular body without corner sections and projections.

The houses of the 1-447 series can be either two-section or multi-section, mainly of five floors, but there are also four-story buildings. The set of apartments is standard - 1, 2 and 3-room apartments, with a total area of ​​28m² to 57m².

Some two- and three-room apartments in a house with adjoining rooms, in corner two- and three-room apartments, all rooms are isolated. Cooking stove: gas. Ventilation: natural exhaust. There is also a modification with small 1-room apartments (the so-called "small family").

Officially, houses of series 1-447 are not included in the list of demolished, isolated cases of demolition are known in some areas during the complex reconstruction of quarters, as well as for the expansion of highways or the construction of road junctions. Some houses have been refurbished (overhaul). When carrying out refurbishment, houses of the 1-447 series are usually covered with plaster, if necessary, equipped with lift units.

The prospect of mass demolition of brick houses of the 1-447 series is possible in the future. It all depends on the reconstruction plan for a particular quarter. There is a completed standard reconstruction project without resettlement of residents with an extension of up to 7 floors and an extension of an elevator unit.

Detailed characteristics of the series

1-447 - a series of residential buildings in the USSR, developed in the late 1950s. 1-447 is the most massive series of brick Khrushchev, which was built throughout the USSR from the late 1950s to the mid 1960s, and modifications to the late 1970s. "Khrushchevs" series 1-447 are recognizable by the outer walls made of uncoated bricks, two rows of windows in the end sides (usually without balconies) and a rectangular body without corner sections and ledges.

Description

Design

Houses of a multisection type, with a length of 2 to 8 sections, most often 4-section ones. The house consists of end and row sections.

The material of the walls is brick, most often white silicate; there are houses made of red brick. No plaster. Some houses are painted or have a combination of red and white brick for decoration. Load-bearing walls - longitudinal external and internal central, transverse inter-apartment and staircase walls. Gypsum concrete partitions, thickness - 80 mm; floors - hollow-core reinforced concrete slabs 220 mm thick. The roof of most houses is four-pitched, covered with asbestos-cement slate or roofing iron. Drains - external downpipes... There are also houses with flat roof with bituminous coating. The ceiling height is 2.48 m. The first floor is usually residential. There are balconies on all floors except the first. However, there are houses without balconies in corner apartments or no balconies at all.

Communications

Heating - central water, cold water supply - centralized, sewerage - centralized. Hot water supply - centralized or local: gas water heaters, in the absence of gas supply - wood-fired water heaters (titans). With local hot water supply, chimneys are provided in the construction of the house, laid in the transverse inter-apartment walls and the walls of staircases. Ventilation is natural in the kitchen and in the bathroom. The apartments are equipped with a bathroom and a gas cooker. In areas without gas supply, wood-burning cookers or electrical (in the presence of powerful electrical networks).

There is no lift or garbage chute.

Apartments

The houses have one-, two- and three-room apartments. There are 4 apartments on the landing. In the end sections, a set of apartments is 3-1-2-1 or 1-2-2-2, in privates 3-2-1-3 or 2-3-2-2. However, in many houses, shortened row sections are used, which coincide in layout with the end sections.

Rooms in 2-room apartments are adjoining (there are rare variants of improved planning, where there are 2 isolated rooms), in 3-room apartments, two are adjoining and one is isolated. The entrance is the largest room (living room). A bathroom is combined in all apartments.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

1. Adjacent rooms in two- and three-room apartments.
2. Cramped entrance hall.
3. Combined bathroom in all apartments. At the same time, you can place in the bathroom washing machine shallow depth.
4. Like all Khrushchevs, the kitchen is small.
5. Very small staircases even in comparison with some series of Khrushchev.
6. Most of the apartments face one side of the world.
7. Shortage of three-room apartments. In many houses of the series, shortened row sections are used, in which there are no three-room apartments.

Modifications

On the basis of a series of houses 1-447, several dozen modifications arose - from series 1-447С-1 to 1-447С-54. The changes affected, first of all, the number of storeys, equipping with elevators and renovation of the outer walls.

As a rule, five-story modifications are no longer referred to as Khrushchevs, but as Brezhnev's houses.

Based on the 1-447C series, the 114-85 series was developed.

1-447C

"The second generation" of brick five-storey houses series 1-447.

This includes 1-447C-3x (x = 3 ... 9), 1-447C-40, 1-447C-43.

Houses of these series can be recognized by the adjacent pairs of balconies at the ends of the building and from the side of the entrances to the staircase. In different sections there can be 3 or 4 apartments on the staircase, in the latter case the area is larger.

The houses now have four-room apartments, 2-room and 3-room apartments with an orientation to two sides of the house ("vest"). Reduced the number of adjoining rooms. All apartments, except for one-room apartments, have separate bathrooms with a longitudinally oriented bathroom, while the kitchen has become somewhat smaller. A distinctive feature is a beveled wall between the bathroom and the hallway to increase the area of ​​the latter.

1-447S-47, 1-447S-48, 1-447S-49

Nine-storey residential building of multisection type. Most often it consists of 4 or 6 sections, however, there are options with a different number of sections - from 2 to 10.

The house is equipped with a passenger lift and a garbage chute.

The house has 2, 3, less often 1 and 4-room apartments. There are 4 apartments on the landing, the standard set is 3-2-2-3, less often 4-1-2-3 (mainly in the end sections). In 2-room rooms are isolated, in 3-room 2 adjoining (walk-through living room), in 4-room, depending on the modification, there can be 2 adjoining or all separate. Separate bathroom with a longitudinal bath, except for 1-room apartments.

The area of ​​apartments is 31-33 m2 for one-room apartments, 44-47 m2 for two-room apartments, 56-59 m2 for three-room apartments, 69-70 m2 for four-room apartments. Kitchen area from 5.6 m2 in early houses to 7.3 m2 in the latter.

2-room apartments have a balcony, 3-room apartments have loggias recessed into the facade. End sections have an additional loggia at the end of the house, which is recessed into the facade (1-447C-48) or protrudes from it.

1R-447S-25

A nine-storey one-section residential building with 54 apartments. There are options with interlocked sections. The house is equipped with a passenger lift and a garbage chute. The staircase and elevator node is located in the center of the house, from it to opposite sides there are two corridors, each of which contains entrances to three apartments. In the left corridor there is a garbage chute, in some houses there is an additional escape staircase.

There are 6 apartments on the landing of the building: two one-room apartments with windows to the courtyard and balconies, one and two-room apartments with windows and balconies on the main facade. At the ends of the building there are three-room apartments with balconies on the main facade and windows on three sides. The area of ​​apartments is 28-33 m 2 for one-room apartments, 43 m 2 for two-room apartments, 60-62 m 2 for three-room apartments. All rooms in the apartments are isolated. Bathroom in one-room - combined, in two- and three-room - separate with a transverse arrangement of the bath.

1R-447S-26

Nine-storey tower-type residential building with 54 apartments. There are 6 apartments on the staircase: in the middle there are two 1-room apartments, on the side of the entrance windows - two 2-room apartments, opposite - 2-room and 3-room. The house is equipped with a passenger lift and a garbage chute. One-room apartments have wide balconies, two- and three-room balconies. Bathroom in one-room - combined, in two- and three-room - separate with a transverse arrangement of the bath. The 3-room and the adjacent 2-room have adjoining rooms, the rest of the rooms are separate.

Notes (edit)

Links

• Geography of buildings series 1-447 on the map of Russia - oknardia

1-447 - a series of residential buildings in the USSR, developed in the late 1950s. 1-447 is the most massive series brick Khrushchev, which was built throughout the USSR from the late 1950s to the mid-1960s, and modifications - to the late 1970s. "Khrushchevs" series 1-447 are recognizable by the outer walls made of uncoated bricks, two rows of windows in the end sides (usually without balconies) and a rectangular body without corner sections and ledges.

Design

Houses of a multisection type, with a length of 2 to 8 sections, most often 4-section ones. The house consists of end and row sections.

Wall material - brick, most often white silicate, there are houses made of red brick. No plaster. Some houses are painted or have a combination of red and white bricks for decoration. Load-bearing walls - longitudinal external and internal central, transverse inter-apartment and staircase walls. Gypsum concrete partitions, thickness - 80 mm; floors - hollow-core reinforced concrete slabs 220 mm thick. The roof of most houses is four-pitched, covered with asbestos-cement slate or roofing iron. Drains are external downpipes. There are also houses with bituminous flat roofs. The ceiling height is 2.48 m. The first floor is usually residential. There are balconies on all floors except the first. However, there are houses with no balconies in corner apartments or no balconies at all.

Communications

Heating - central water, cold water supply - centralized, sewerage - centralized. Hot water supply - centralized or local: gas water heaters, in the absence of gas supply - wood-fired water heaters (titans). With local hot water supply, chimneys are provided in the construction of the house, laid in the transverse inter-apartment walls and the walls of staircases. Ventilation is natural in the kitchen and in the bathroom. The apartments are equipped with a bathroom and a gas cooker. In areas without gas supply, wood-burning stoves or electric ones (in the presence of powerful electric networks) were installed.

There is no lift or garbage chute.

Apartments

The houses have one-, two- and three-room apartments. There are 4 apartments on the landing. In the end sections, a set of apartments is 3-1-2-1 or 1-2-2-2, in privates 3-2-1-3 or 2-3-2-2. However, in many houses, shortened row sections are used, which coincide in layout with the end sections.

Rooms in 2-room apartments are adjoining (there are rare variants of improved planning, where there are 2 isolated rooms), in 3-room apartments, two are adjoining and one is isolated. The entrance is the largest room (living room). A bathroom is combined in all apartments.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages:

1. Thanks to the brick walls, houses of the 1-447 series surpass in terms of heat and noise insulation not only panel Khrushchev houses, but also later ones. panel houses Soviet-built. Thick hollow-core slabs also provide better sound insulation compared to solid slabs panel houses.
2. The absence of load-bearing walls inside the apartment, ample opportunities for redevelopment.
3. A multi-pitched rigid roof has a higher service life (30-50 years) than a flat soft roof in panel Khrushchev and later houses (10-15 years). The presence of the attic and the covering with reflective materials (light slate, galvanized metal) do not allow the roof to overheat in summer, therefore last floors houses are relatively cool.
4. Compared to other series of Khrushchevs, balconies are almost everywhere.
5. The presence of large enough storage rooms.
6. Residential buildings of the 1-447 series, as a rule, are located in areas of the "middle belt" of cities with well-developed infrastructure and transport accessibility.
7. The service life of houses of the 1-447 series significantly exceeds the service life of panel houses (including Khrushchev's) and is at least 100 years.

Disadvantages:

1. Adjacent rooms in two- and three-room apartments.
2. Cramped entrance hall.
3. Combined bathroom in all apartments. At the same time, a shallow washing machine can be placed in the bathroom.
4. Like all Khrushchevs, the kitchen is small.
5. Very small landings even compared to some of the Khrushchev series.
6. Most of the apartments face one side of the world.
7. Shortage of three-room apartments. In many houses of the series, shortened row sections are used, in which there are no three-room apartments.

Houses series 1-447 in