Building materials are divided into. The main consumables used in construction. Factors affecting the choice

In the process of construction various structures and buildings play a fundamental role skillful hands workers and building materials. The most famous are wood, stone, brick, plastic, glass, cement and others. Classifying materials, the following can be distinguished: concrete and reinforced concrete products, stone, timber and synthetic, binders, metals and others.

The most basic building material is commercial concrete, which is a concrete mixture based on cement and various fillers. When concreting car parks, petrol and railway stations, it becomes simply indispensable. Durability and fire resistance are the main advantages of ready-mixed concrete. In addition, it has another positive function - in accordance with the specified parameters of the material that is going to be obtained, its density and strength can be changed. Regarding this stone material, we can say the following: “Concrete helps us build and live!”

No construction is complete without such material as crushed stone, which is obtained by crushing rocks, gravel and boulders. Even for a small construction site, crushed stone is delivered, since it is famous for its easy extraction. It is divided into several types depending on the composition of nature: gravel, granite, dolomite and limestone. Gravel in comparison with other types has a low radioactive background, and this is its indisputable advantage.

An important element in construction work it turns out that sand is a loose non-metallic material. Depending on the place and conditions of formation, it is divided into several types: river, sea, mountain, dune and dune. For brickwork mainly used quarry sand, a cement-sand mortars require river, because it lacks a clay component. Delivery of sand to the construction site does not require long-distance transportation, because it is mined near the construction site.

In road construction, sand and gravel mixtures used for the device are very popular. pavement. In industrial construction, they are used in the laying and repair of communications. Among the sand and gravel mixtures, natural (PGS) and enriched (OPGS) stand out. ASGs are characterized by a reduced content of gravel (about 20%), OGGS exceeds this amount by 3 times.

Cement is one of the main components in construction. As water is the "glue" of the universe, so it performs the function of connection and fastening various elements. Basically, the use of cement involves the creation of concrete and mortars.

Construction Materials and products are classified according to the degree of readiness, origin, purpose and technological feature.

According to the degree of readiness, the actual building materials and building products are distinguished - finished products and elements mounted and fixed at the place of work. Building materials include wood, metals, cement, concrete, bricks, sand, mortars for masonry and various plasters, paints and varnishes, natural stones, etc.

Construction products are prefabricated reinforced concrete panels and structures, window and door blocks, sanitary ware and cabins, etc. Unlike products, building materials are processed before use - they are mixed with water, compacted, sawn, amuse, etc.

By origin, building materials are divided into natural and artificial.

natural materials- these are wood, rocks (natural stones), peat, natural bitumen and asphalts, etc. These materials are obtained from natural raw materials by simple processing without changing their original structure and chemical composition.

To artificial materials include brick, cement, reinforced concrete, glass, etc. They are obtained from natural and artificial raw materials, by-products of industry and agriculture using special technologies. Artificial materials differ from the original raw materials both in structure and in chemical composition, which is due to its radical processing in the factory.

The most widely used classifications of materials according to purpose and technological feature.

According to the purpose, the materials are divided into the following groups:

construction materials- materials that perceive and transmit loads in building structures;

thermal insulation materials , the main purpose of which is to minimize the transfer of heat through the building structure and thereby ensure the necessary thermal conditions in the room at minimal cost energy;

acoustic materials(sound absorbing and soundproofing materials) - to reduce the level of "noise pollution" of the premises;

waterproofing and roofing materials- to create waterproof layers on roofs, underground structures and other structures that need to be protected from the effects of water or water vapor;

sealing materials- for sealing joints in prefabricated structures;

Decoration Materials- to improve decorative qualities building structures, as well as to protect structural, heat-insulating and other materials from external influences;

special purpose materials(for example, refractory or acid-resistant), used in the construction of special structures.

A number of materials (for example, cement, lime, wood) cannot be attributed to any one group, since they are used both in their pure form and as raw materials for the production of other building materials and products. These are the so-called materials general purpose. The difficulty of classifying building materials by purpose is that the same materials can be assigned to different groups. For example, concrete is mainly used as structural material, but some of its types have a completely different purpose: especially lightweight concretes are a heat-insulating material; especially heavy concretes- material of special purpose, which is used for protection against radioactive radiation. .

According to the technological basis, materials are divided into the following groups, taking into account the type of raw material from which the material is obtained and the type of its manufacture:

Natural stone materials and products- are obtained from rocks by their processing: wall blocks and stones, facing slabs, architectural details, rubble stone for foundations, crushed stone, gravel, sand, etc.

Ceramic materials and products- obtained from clay with additives by molding, drying and firing: brick, ceramic blocks and stones, tiles, pipes, faience and porcelain products, tiles for facing and flooring, expanded clay (artificial gravel for lightweight concrete), etc.

Glass and other materials and products from mineral melts- window and facing glass, glass blocks, profiled glass (for fencing), tiles, pipes, glass-ceramic and slag-glass products, stone casting.

Inorganic binders - mineral materials, predominantly powdery, forming a plastic body when mixed with water, eventually acquiring a stone-like state: cements various kinds, lime, gypsum binders, etc.

concretes- artificial stone materials obtained from a mixture of binder, water, fine and coarse aggregates. Reinforced concrete is called reinforced concrete, it resists well not only compression, but also bending and stretching.

Mortars- artificial stone materials, consisting of a binder, water and fine aggregate, which eventually pass from a pasty to a stone-like state.

Artificial non-fired stone materials- obtained on the basis of inorganic binders and various aggregates: silicate brick, gypsum and gypsum concrete products, asbestos-cement products and structures, silicate concretes.

Organic binders and materials based on them- bitumen and tar binders, roofing and waterproofing materials: roofing material, glassine, isol, brizol, hydroisol, roofing felt, adhesive mastics, asphalt concretes and mortars.

Polymer materials and products- a group of materials obtained on the basis of synthetic polymers (thermoplastic non-thermosetting resins): linoleums, relin, synthetic carpet materials, tiles, wood-laminated plastics, fiberglass, foam plastics, foam plastics, honeycomb plastics, etc.

Wood materials and products- obtained as a result of mechanical processing of wood: roundwood, lumber, blanks for various joinery products, parquet, plywood, skirting boards, handrails, door and window blocks, glued structures.

metal materials- the most widely used in construction ferrous metals (steel and cast iron), rolled steel (I-beams, channels, angles), metal alloys, especially aluminum.

In this article, we will consider all types of building materials that are used to build a house or apartment. All building materials will be detailed description and how to install them. If you decide to do construction, then it will be interesting for you to read the articles on the site. It says “?”, “What building materials to use in construction?”, “Cheap or expensive building materials to use in construction?”. Let's deal with this issue once and for all.

First of all, you need to know that the building materials market has hundreds of offers, and this, for example, only applies to building mixtures. We will help you choose the most optimal choice and not expensive. Building material is a material for the construction or erection of any structures.

What is the foundation made of?

In fact, the foundation is not the most hard work during construction, but you still need to know some of the nuances. When choosing “what foundation to make for the house”, and there are several types of them:

Read an interesting article about the types of foundation and. It is also important to know if the foundation you have chosen is suitable for your area. To do this, you need to find out what type of soil is on your site. This will help the soil map of the Russian Federation with all the properties and depths of soil freezing.

WALLS.

When decorating, repairing or building walls, you should read. The walls are built after the foundation. When the foundation has settled and is ready for loads, the second stage of building a house begins. Basically, the cash costs per box account for approximately 30% of the entire construction budget. These costs are not cheap and you need to know what material to use for walls and some factors: climate zone, building height, budget. After that, it is worth choosing materials for the walls.

Wooden walls are an environmentally friendly product using solid wood or its main filler (composite). Composite building materials are made from fiberboard, chipboard, plywood and others.
From solid wood they make - boards, beams, construction logs and others.
very pretty and warm. But in wet climatic zones try not to build. Such houses are more suitable for dry climates. middle lane Russia or Siberia.

Reinforced concrete walls.

The framework from iron fittings is filled in with concrete. After the concrete has dried, this design is very durable. Panel house they make it mostly multi-storey, and the foundation under it is poured several meters into the ground. Private houses are also being built. For example, the walls are made of slabs, and lightweight materials serve as filling material. Expanded clay is mixed with concrete mix which reduces weight. This method of building walls in a house can also be attributed to rapid construction because slabs have big sizes and set up relatively quickly.

Interior decoration of premises.
implies the completion of outdoor work. The choice of materials for finishing or repairing walls inside the house depends on the condition of the walls. Preparing the walls for fine finish begins with the application of plaster or plasterboard sheathing.

FLOOR

The weak point in the house is the floor. Constant stress on it leads to premature wear. floor covering. The time until its future repair depends on how you choose the right floor covering and floor foundation. When choosing a material for the floor, it must meet the basic criteria, such as water resistance, wear resistance, durability and, of course, have a beautiful modern look. According to their types, they are divided into: wooden, polymer and ceramic. Wooden floors are usually made in rooms where there is an underfloor, that is, there is a space under the floor between the floor covering and the subfloor. Plank wood flooring usually consists of two or more layers, where the first layer serves as the base for the floor covering. The boards are attached to the floor beams (log counter-lattice), this design is reliable and is used everywhere.

Parquet flooring made of natural wood is very popular. It is used in every 3rd apartment. By type, it can be industrial or individual production.

Types of parquet: parquet board, panel parquet, artistic parquet.

Ceramic tiles have been used for a very long time. It is used for wall and floor cladding. The material is made of refractory clay and is practically durable. High durability and a wide choice of various forms, do this material irreplaceable when laying a floor. Ceramic tiles have the following qualities: high mechanical strength, waterproofing, minimal exposure to aggressive liquids, beautiful appearance. Basically, tiles are laid in the bathroom, toilet or kitchen, where there is high humidity.

Such materials can be mastic screeds, floors roll type(linoleum) and tiled. Linoleum is made from synthetic materials, resins with a fabric base. PVC tiles, like linoleum, are resistant to aggressive chemicals, oils, water-based liquids and other aggressive environments.

Rigid. The professional flooring is a galvanized metal rolling. Widely used for roofing roofs, as well as the construction of fences and visors.

Metal tile - the same corrugated board, only of a different shape.

Clay tile— durable, reliable and expensive material. Any roof from ceramic tiles looks very nice.

The advantage of such a roof will be an easy repair. You just need to replace the broken piece with a new one and the roof is in order.

Slate Everyone knows this stuff. Previously, all houses were covered with slate. there was no other material. However, today slate has applications in roofing. Easy mounting and durability.

Ondulin- a modern substitute for slate. Made from organic cellulose material under heat and high pressure.

flexible roof used in construction modern houses. it modern coating from polymer and composite materials, resin, bitumen, etc. All materials made according to the technology for flexible roofing are considered durable and reliable.

Manufacturers of flexible roofing.
Ruflex
shinglas
Katepal
TechnoNicole
Icopal
Bikrost

K category: Construction materials

Classification of building materials

Building materials are divided into natural (natural) and artificial. The first group includes: forest (roundwood, lumber); stone dense and loose rocks (natural stone, gravel, sand, clay), etc. The second group - artificial materials - includes: binders (cement, lime), artificial stones(brick, blocks); concretes; solutions; metal, heat and waterproofing materials; ceramic tiles; synthetic paints, varnishes and Other materials, the production of which is associated with chemical processing.

Building materials are classified according to their purpose and scope, for example, roofing materials - roofing material, asbestos cement, etc.; wall - brick, blocks; finishing - solutions, paints, varnishes; facing, waterproofing, etc., as well as according to the technological basis of their manufacture, for example, ceramic, synthetic, etc. Heat-insulating building materials constitute a special group - they are made from various raw materials, used in various designs, but they are combined common property- low bulk density and low thermal conductivity, which determines the ever-increasing volume of their production and widespread use in construction.

Building materials that are mined or manufactured in the area of the facility under construction are commonly referred to as local building materials. These primarily include: sand, gravel, crushed stone, brick, lime, etc. In the construction of buildings and structures, it is necessary first of all to use local building materials, which reduces transportation costs, which make up a significant part of the cost of materials.

For building materials manufactured by enterprises, there are State All-Union Standards - GOSTs and specifications- THAT. The standards provide basic information about the building material, give its definition, indicate raw materials, applications, classification, division into grades and brands, test methods, transportation and storage conditions. GOST has the force of law, and compliance with it is mandatory for all enterprises manufacturing building materials.

Nomenclature and technical requirements to building materials and parts, their quality, guidelines for the selection and use, depending on the operating conditions of the building or structure being erected, are set out in the "Building Norms and Rules" - SNiP I-B.2-69, approved by the USSR State Construction Committee in 1962-1969. as amended in 1972. State All-Union Standards (GOSTs) have been developed for each material and product.

For correct application of a particular material in construction, it is necessary to know the physical, including the ratio of materials to the action of water and temperatures, and mechanical properties.

Residential, public and industrial buildings are structures designed to accommodate people and various equipment and protect them from exposure environment. All buildings consist of parts of the same purpose: - the foundation, which serves as the foundation of the building and transfers the load from the entire building to the ground; - frame - the supporting structure on which the enclosing elements of the building are installed; the frame perceives and redistributes loads and transfers them to the foundation; - enclosing structures that isolate the internal volume of the building from the impact external environment or separating separate parts of the internal volume among themselves; Enclosing structures include walls, floors and roofs, and in low-rise buildings, walls and floors often serve as a frame.

Since ancient times, residential and religious buildings were built from natural materials- stone and wood, and all parts of the building were made of them: foundation, walls, roof. This versatility of the material significant shortcomings. The construction of stone buildings was labor intensive; stone walls to maintain normal building thermal regime had to be made very thick (up to 1 m or more), since natural stone is a good conductor of heat. For the installation of ceilings and roofs, many columns were placed or heavy stone vaults were made, since the strength of the stone is not enough to cover large spans. Stone buildings, however, had one positive quality - durability. Less labor intensive but short lived wooden buildings often destroyed by fire.

With the development of industry, new, different-purpose building materials appeared: for roofing - sheet iron, later - roll materials and asbestos cement; for load-bearing structures- rolled steel and high-strength concrete; for thermal insulation - fibrolite, mineral wool and etc.

Specialization and industrial production building materials, semi-finished products and products radically changed the nature of construction. Materials for the construction site, and then products made from them, began to arrive practically in ready-made, building structures became lighter and more efficient (for example, they were better protected from heat loss, from moisture, etc.). At the beginning of the XX century. began factory production building structures ( metal trusses, reinforced concrete columns), but only since the 50s for the first time in the world in our country began to build prefabricated buildings from prefabricated elements.

The modern industry of building materials and products produces a large number of finished building parts and materials for various purposes, for example: ceramic tiles for floors, for interior cladding, facade, carpet mosaic; roofing material and glassine for roofing, insulating and hydro-insulating - for waterproofing. To make it easier to navigate in this variety of building materials and products, they are classified. The most widely used classifications are by purpose and technological feature.

By purpose, materials are divided into the following groups: - structural, which perceive and transmit loads in building structures; - heat-insulating, the main purpose of which is to minimize the transfer of heat through the building structure and thereby ensure the necessary thermal regime of the room with minimal energy consumption; - acoustic (sound-absorbing and soundproof) - to reduce the level of "noise pollution" of the room; - waterproofing and roofing - to create waterproof layers on roofs, underground structures and other structures that need to be protected from water or water vapor; - sealing - for sealing joints in prefabricated structures; - finishing - to improve the decorative qualities of building structures, as well as to protect structural, heat-insulating and other materials from external influences; - special purpose (for example, refractory or acid-resistant), used in the construction of special structures.

A number of materials (for example, cement, lime, wood) cannot be attributed to any one group, since they are used both in their pure form and as raw materials for the production of other building materials and products - these are the so-called general-purpose materials. The difficulty of classifying building materials by purpose is that the same materials can be assigned to different groups. For example, concrete is mainly used as a structural material, but some of its types have a completely different purpose: especially lightweight concrete - heat-insulating materials; especially heavy concretes are special-purpose materials used for protection against radioactive radiation.

The basis of the classification according to technological features is the type of raw material from which the material is obtained, and the method of manufacture. These two factors largely determine the properties of the material and, accordingly, the scope of its application. According to the manufacturing method, materials obtained by sintering (ceramics, cement), melting (glass, metals), monolithic with binders (concrete, mortar) and machining natural raw materials (natural stone, wood materials). For a deeper understanding of the properties of materials, which depend mainly on the type of raw material and the method of its processing, the course "Materials Science" is based on a classification according to a technological feature, and only in some cases are considered groups of materials according to their purpose.

- Classification of building materials

Until now, there is no unequivocal answer to the question of what material is better to make the walls of a residential building. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. Builders and designers cannot agree on the choice of the most optimal product for making walls. The thing is that in each case best material must be selected based on the purpose of the building, its configuration, climatic conditions terrain and financial capabilities of the owner. In our article, we will consider the most common wall materials, describe their properties, pros and cons, and you yourself will be able to choose the best one based on the construction conditions.

Factors affecting the choice

A quarter of all construction costs go to building walls. Since the wrong material for building walls in the future can lead to more big spending when choosing it, the following factors should be taken into account:

If you want to save on arranging the foundation by making a shallow lightweight option, then choose a light material for the walls. Additional savings in the case of using light elements for the walls of the house will be during transportation and installation, because it can be done by hand without the use of expensive lifting equipment.
Choose building materials that are good thermal insulation characteristics. Otherwise, cold walls in winter will cost you dearly due to heating costs.

Tip: best to do thermotechnical calculation taking into account the climatic conditions of the construction region. This is the only way to be sure that you have chosen the right material and wall design. So, in the northern regions of our country, even walls made of materials with high thermal insulation properties need warming.

If piece materials, for example, bricks, are used to build the walls of the house, then a significant proportion of the costs will be the cost of paying masons. Even if you do all the work yourself, then consider the time and physical costs. It is much more profitable and faster to build from large-sized elements. The highest speed of wall construction is for houses built using frame-panel and frame-panel technology.
When choosing building materials for walls, it is worth considering how easy they are to finish and whether they need it at all. For example, walls frame house from OSB, you can not finish it at all, but simply paint it, and a log house needs a thorough finish outside and inside.

To understand what to build your house from, you need to understand the characteristics of building materials, so further we will describe the properties of each of them, list the advantages and disadvantages.

Brick

A house built of brick can stand for a century, or even a century and a half. There are many varieties of bricks that differ in important operational and technical characteristics.

So, for the construction of walls, silicate and ceramic types bricks. Consider their features:

ceramic brick made from fired red clay. It is durable, moisture resistant, environmentally friendly material. On sale there is a corpulent and hollow brick. The more voids in a brick, the higher its thermal insulation performance.
silicate brick is made on the basis of lime, sand and some additives. It also happens to be full-bodied and hollow. The latter option is characterized by lightness and improved thermal insulation qualities. Silicate full-bodied products are distinguished by good sound-proofing properties, but high thermal conductivity.

Also, this wall material is divided into front and ordinary:

It is better to build the walls of the house from ordinary brick. Products may have small defects in the form of cracks and chips, but due to this, their price is more acceptable. In addition, for the internal masonry of walls, the appearance of the product is not as important as for the front masonry.
Facing brick (front)- this is the wall material with which the facade is made out. All products must have the correct geometric shape, smooth or relief surface be free of flaws and defects. Price face brick higher than its ordinary counterpart.

The strength of this wall material directly related to its brand, which can be from M 75 to M 300. The number indicates the load that one square centimeter of the product can withstand. The higher the brand, the more specific gravity products. To build 2 or 3 storey building, enough brick brand 100-125. To perform the foundation and base, products with the brand 150-175 are used.

Also, when choosing a brick, it is important to take into account its frost resistance, that is, the number of freeze and thaw cycles that the product can withstand without damage and a decrease in strength by no more than 20%. This indicator is marked with the letter F and a number from 15 and above. For warm regions, you can use products with a frost resistance grade of 15; in colder latitudes, bricks of the F25 grade are used. For facing work, a brick with a frost resistance of at least 50 is suitable.

Advantages and disadvantages of brick

Among the advantages of this wall material, it is worth listing the following:

Impressive service life.
aesthetic appeal.
Unlimited possibilities in terms of design and implementation of the most complex projects.
The material is not susceptible to corrosion, damage by fungi and microorganisms.
The product does not burn.
High sound and heat insulation characteristics.

The disadvantages include the following:

Due to the small size and large specific gravity, laying brick walls takes a long time and costs a lot.
Under brick walls, it is necessary to equip a solid buried foundation, and this entails increased costs for materials and earthworks.
In most cases brick walls needs additional insulation.

ceramic blocks

A ceramic block is a material made from a mixture of clay and sawdust, after which the element is fired in a kiln. This is a fairly durable product that allows you to quickly build the walls of the house. The strength of the ceramic block is so high that it can be made multi-storey building. Inside the material has a porous structure, and the outer surface is corrugated. For a tight connection, the ends of the material have grooves and ridges.

The height of the ceramic block is a multiple of the rows of brickwork, and the other dimensions may be different. Thus, it is possible to build from a ceramic block according to projects that are designed for bricks. But the speed of construction is much higher, since one ceramic block measuring 238x248x500 mm, which weighs 25 kg, is equal to 15 bricks, each of which weighs 3.3 kg. In addition to increasing the speed of construction, the cost of mortar is reduced, because it will be needed less.

Important: the width of the ceramic block can be 230, 240 and 250 mm, and the length is in the range of 250-510 mm. On the long side of the product there is a comb-groove lock.

Walls with a thickness of 380 mm or more made of this material do not need to be insulated, since the thermal conductivity of the product is only 0.14-0.29 W / m² x ° C. Marking wide blocks M 100. If you need to make thin, but solid walls, then you can take elements marked 150. The frost resistance of ceramic blocks is at least 50 cycles.

Pros and cons of ceramic blocks

The advantages include:

The low specific weight and high strength significantly expand the scope of this material.
Installation of large-sized products is carried out quickly and without unnecessary labor.
Saving mortar due to the size of the elements and the absence of the need to make vertical seams.
The frost resistance of an ordinary ceramic block is higher than that of an ordinary brick.
Good fire resistance. The product is able to resist burning for 4 hours.
An optimal microclimate is created in the room from ceramic blocks, since the walls can "breathe" and regulate the humidity of the air.
The house can last a century and a half and at the same time will not lose its thermal insulation characteristics.

This material also has disadvantages, among which it is worth mentioning the following:

The price of ceramic blocks is quite high.
Since these products are relatively new in our market, it is difficult to find a good mason to perform masonry.
This fragile material needs to be stored and transported very carefully.

gas blocks

This material has excellent thermal insulation properties. In terms of thermal conductivity, a gas-block wall with a width of 300-400 mm is not inferior to a multilayer one brick construction. Walls of gas blocks maintain optimal temperature and humidity conditions indoors. The material is not subject to rot and has an impressive service life. The thermal insulation qualities of a gas block are 3 times greater than those of a brick wall.

Aerated concrete is quite light, so it is easy to transport and stack. It can be easily cut with a regular hacksaw to the right sizes. The laying of elements is carried out on a mortar or special glue, which requires little. Smooth Smooth surface gas blocks are easy to finish. Aerated concrete is considered environmentally friendly and non-combustible. It has a fairly high frost resistance.

Attention: for aerated concrete, the density characteristic is important. This indicator can be in the range of 350-1200 kg / m³. For an ordinary residential building, it is enough to take elements marked 500-900.

Advantages and disadvantages of gas blocks

The advantages of this wall product are many:

The laying of walls from gas blocks is carried out 9 times faster than the laying of bricks.
The low thermal conductivity of the product is a big plus in its favor.
Aerated concrete has a high fire resistance, it does not emit harmful substances even during combustion.
The porous structure of the material contributes to high frost resistance.
In terms of vapor permeability, aerated concrete is comparable only to wood.

Cons of aerated concrete:

Low bending strength.
The material is prone to cracking.
Hygroscopicity. After absorbing moisture, the thermal insulation performance of aerated concrete decreases, so the facade needs a protective finish.
It is impossible to lay floor slabs and beams directly on gas blocks, therefore, before laying them, you will have to make a monolithic armored belt. This entails additional costs and time.

Wood

Many people who decide to build a house make a choice in favor of wood. This natural material is environmentally friendly. It creates a favorable microclimate in the house, supports optimal humidity and saturates the air with healing phytoncides. AT wooden house warm in winter and not hot in summer, because wood has good thermal insulation characteristics.

A wooden house can be built from the following products:

The log can be of natural shape or rounded. In the latter case, the material correct form and smooth surface but needs additional protective treatment, since the natural protective resin layer, which is located under the bark, is removed during the process of cylindering.
You can use glued (profiled) and sawn or planed timber. More quality houses are obtained from glued laminated timber, which has special grooves and ridges for snug fit elements. Sawn timber more commonly used for frame houses.
Frame-panel houses are made of OSB, chipboard, moisture-resistant plywood, which are attached to the frame. Insulation is laid inside the wall.

Main advantages wooden houses- their environmental friendliness, comfort and reasonable price. Under such a house, you can make a lightweight foundation. Disadvantages - fire hazard, shrinkage.