Hot and cold water supply in the hotel. Heat supply and water supply in the 'President Hotel'. Tracing of sewer networks

Cold water system

Hotels use water for household and drinking needs- for drinking and personal hygiene of staff and guests; for production needs for cleaning residential and public premises, watering the territory and green spaces, washing raw materials, dishes and cooking, washing overalls, curtains, bed and table linen, when providing additional services, for example, in a hairdressing salon, sports and fitness center, as well as for fire fighting purposes.

The water supply system includes three components: a water supply source with facilities and devices for water intake, purification and treatment, external water supply networks and internal water supply located in the building.

Hotels located in cities and settlements are usually supplied cold water from the city (village) water supply. Hotels located in countryside, in the mountains, on highways, have a local water supply system.

In urban water supply, water is used from open (rivers, lakes) or closed (groundwater) sources.

Water in the city water supply must comply with the requirements of GOST R 2872--82. Before being supplied to the city water supply network, water from open sources of water supply always undergoes pre-treatment to bring its quality indicators in line with the requirements of the standard. Water from closed water sources usually does not need to be treated. Water treatment is carried out on waterworks. When water is supplied from rivers, stations are placed along the river above settlements.

The composition of the waterworks includes the following presented in Fig. 2.13 structures:

*water intake devices;
*pumps of the first rise;
* settling tanks and treatment facilities;
*reservoirs for water storage;
* second lift pumps.

Second lift pumps maintain the necessary pressure in the main pipelines and the city water pipeline system. In some cases, water towers are connected to the main pipeline system, which contain a supply of water and can create pressure in the water supply system by raising water tanks to a certain height.

From the waterworks through the city water supply network, water enters the consumers.

Rice. 2.13.

1 - water intake facility; 2 -- pumping station of the first rise; 3 -- treatment facilities; 4 -- clean water tanks; 5 -- pumping station of the second rise; 6 -- conduits; 7 - water tower; 8 -- main water supply network

City water networks constructed from steel, cast iron, reinforced concrete or asbestos-cement pipes. Valves are installed on them in wells to turn off individual sections of the water supply network in case of an accident and repair, fire hydrants for water supply when extinguishing fires. Pipelines of the water supply network are located at a depth of at least 0.2 m below the depth of soil freezing in winter. Steel pipelines must have reliable waterproofing.

Internal plumbing a building is a set of equipment, devices and pipelines that supply water from central outdoor water supply systems or from local water sources to water points in a building. The internal water supply in hotel buildings must be separate to meet the economic, industrial and fire-fighting needs. Household and drinking and industrial water supply systems are combined, since clean drinking water is used for household and industrial needs in hotels.

The internal plumbing of the cold water supply system includes the following elements:

*one or more inputs;
* water meter unit;
* filters for additional water purification;
* booster pumps and water tanks;
* piping system with control valves (distribution lines, risers, inlets);
* water folding devices;
* fire extinguishing devices.

On fig. 2.14 presented various schemes cold water systems.

input called the section of the pipeline connecting the internal water supply to the external water supply. The input is carried out perpendicular to the wall of the building. For this, cast-iron or asbestos-cement pipes are used. At the point of connection of the input to the external water supply network, a well and a valve are installed, which, if necessary, turns off the water supply to the building. In hotels, two inputs are usually arranged, which guarantees, firstly, an uninterrupted supply of cold water, and secondly, a sufficient supply of water to fire hydrants in the event of a fire.

Water meter assembly designed to measure water consumption by an enterprise. It is installed in a heated room immediately after passing through the input outer wall building. Water flow measurement is carried out using a water meter.

The water meter is designed in such a way that when a water flow passes through it, an impeller (or impeller) is set into rotation, which transmits movement to the meter dial hand. Water consumption is indicated in liters or cubic meters.

Rice. 2.14.

a- a scheme with direct connection to the city water supply network (with a lower dead-end wiring of the main); b-- a scheme with a water tank (with an upper dead-end wiring to the masters); in-- with a booster pump (with a lower ring wiring of the main); G -- with a booster pump and a water tank (with a lower dead-end wiring of the line); d-- with a booster pump and a hydropneumatic tank (with a lower dead-end line); 1 -- city water main; 2 -- shut-off valve; 3 -- plumbing input; 4 -- water meter; 5 - drain valve; 6 -- main pipeline; 7 - riser; 8-- shut-off valve on the riser; 9 -- branches to water points; 10 -- booster pump; 11 -- water tank; 12 -- float valve; 13 -- check valve; 14 -- hydropneumatic tank; 15 -- compressor

The water meter is selected according to reference data, depending on the estimated maximum hourly (second) water flow at the inlet.

In four- and five-star hotels, water from the city water supply must pass additional cleaning at water treatment plants. Target additional processing- get water that meets international quality standards.

The scheme of the water treatment station is shown in fig. 2.15. At water treatment plants, water is passed through special filters consisting of layers of quartz, river sand, activated carbon, disinfect it with an ultraviolet irradiation lamp (UVI), introduce various additives into the water.

The UV lamp kills the microbes contained in the water, softens it. Lamp life should not exceed one year.

Alkali NaOH is used as an additive, which is automatically injected into the water through special openings in the pipeline. The purpose of water treatment with NaOH is to bring it to an acidity level of pH = 8.2. Salts can also be added to water: NaCl and A12 (SO4) 3.

The choice of the scheme of the cold water supply system in the hotel building depends on the available pressure (Pa) in the external water supply network at the entrance to the building. For a normal water supply to all water points of the internal water supply, the required pressure (Pa) in the external water supply network must be at least:

Where is the pressure required to raise water from the input to the highest point, Pa; -- loss of pressure in the water meter unit, Pa; -- pressure loss at the water treatment plant, Pa; -- loss of pressure in pipelines, Pa; -- the required free head at the highest water draw point, Pa.

Rice. 2.15.

The pressure in the internal water supply network should not exceed 0.6 MPa.

Depending on the ratio of values and the building is equipped with one of the cold water supply systems.

When > provides a constant supply of water to all water points of the building and the simplest water supply system is installed without a booster pump and a water tank (see Fig. 2.14, a).

If constantly at certain hours of the day< , и поэтому периодически обеспечивается подача воды к ряду водоразборных точек, устраивают систему водоснабжения с water pressure or hydropneumatic tank(see fig. 2.14, b).

During periods when? , the water tank is filled with water, and when< , вода из водонапорного бака расходуется для внутреннего потребления.

Provided that most of the time< , устраивают систему водоснабжения с booster pumps or with booster pumps and a water pressure (or hydropneumatic) tank (see Fig. 2.14, c-e).

In the latter version, the pump operates periodically, filling the tank, from which the system is supplied with water. The water tank is installed at the top of the building. The hydropneumatic tank is located at the bottom of the building. The premises in which the pumps are installed must have heating, lighting and ventilation. The building may be served by one or more pumps installed in parallel or in series. If the building is serviced by one pump, then the second pump must be connected to the network as a standby pump. Pumps are selected taking into account their performance and the pressure generated.

For the internal plumbing system use steel (galvanized) or plastic pipes. Pipelines are laid open and closed in building structures. Horizontal sections to ensure the descent of water are laid with a slope towards the input. The plumbing system, depending on the scheme, can be with an upper or lower water distribution.

The diameter of the pipeline is determined according to special tables, depending on the number of water draw-off (water-consuming) points and their sizes.

The diameter of the mains of the economic and production systems fire water pipeline taken equal to at least 50 mm.

Domestic plumbing systems are equipped pipeline and water fittings.

Pipe fittings are designed to shut off sections of pipelines for the period of repair, to regulate pressure and flow in the system. Distinguish shut-off, regulating, safety and control pipeline fittings.

Gate valves and valves are used as shut-off and control valves. Gate valves are made of cast iron and steel, and valves, in addition, are made of brass. Shut-off valves are installed on the input, risers and branches.

Safety fittings include safety and check valves, to the control - level indicators, control valves, valves for pressure gauges.

Water fittings include various taps at the points of water tapping: wall-mounted, toilet, taps drain cisterns, watering, urinal, flush, as well as mixer taps for sinks, bathtubs, showers, washbasins, pools, washing machines and etc.

Fire water supply

Water is the most common fire extinguishing agent. Possessing a high heat capacity, it cools combustible substances to a temperature lower than the temperature of their self-ignition, and blocks the access of air to the combustion zone with the help of the resulting vapors. A jet of water directed under high pressure has a mechanical effect on the fire, knocking down the flame and penetrating into the depths of the burning object. Spreading over the burning object, the water wets the parts of the building structures that are not yet covered by fire and protects them from catching fire.

To extinguish the fire, water is supplied from the existing water supply. In some cases, it can be supplied by pumps from natural or artificial reservoirs.

internal fire water supply provided by the device in the building of risers with fire hydrants. fire hydrants placed on landings, in corridors and separate rooms of hotels at a height of 1.35 m from the floor in special lockers with the designation "PC". The fire cabinet equipment is shown in fig. 2.16. In the locker, in addition to the crane, there should be a canvas sleeve 10 or 20 m long and a metal fire nozzle (water hose). The sleeve has quick-release nuts at the ends for connection with the stem and valve of the crane. The sleeves are placed on a swivel shelf or wound on a reel. The distance between the fire hydrants depends on the length of the hose and must be such that the entire building area is irrigated with at least one jet. In the building, the use of sleeves of the same length and diameter is allowed.

Rice. 2.16.

a -- with swivel shelf; b- with coil; 1 -- cabinet walls; 2 -- fire hydrant; 3 -- fire stand; 4 - fire barrel; 5 -- fire hose; 6 -- swivel shelf;

7 -- coil

In hotels located in multi-storey buildings, the internal fire water supply system also includes automatic fire extinguishers that localize the source of fire, block the path of a spreading flame and flue gases, and eliminate fire. Automatic fire extinguishing equipment includes sprinkler and deluge systems. Schemes of sprinkler and deluge fire fighting plumbing systems are presented in fig. 2.17.

sprinkler systems are used for local extinguishing of fires and fires, cooling building structures and signaling a fire.

The sprinkler system includes a system of pipelines laid under the ceiling and filled with water, and sprinklers, the openings of which are closed with fusible locks. When ready, the sprinkler system is pressurized. When the temperature in the room rises, the sprinkler lock melts and the water jet from the sprinkler, hitting the socket, breaks over the fire. At the same time, water approaches the alarm device, which gives a signal about a fire. The area protected by one sprinkler is about 10 m2. Sprinklers are installed in residential rooms, corridors, service and public areas of hotels.

Rice. 2.17.

a-- sprinkler system; b-- deluge system; 1 -- sprinkler sprinkler; 2 -- distribution manifold; 3 -- connecting pipeline; 4-- water tank; 5 - control and signal valve; b - water supply valve; 7-- water riser; 8 - deluge sprinkler; 9-- incentive pipeline; 10 - water main

Deluge systems designed to extinguish fires over the entire settlement area, create water curtains in the openings of fire walls, above fire doors dividing hotel corridors into sections, and fire alarms. Drencher systems can be with automatic and manual (local and remote) activation. Deluge systems consist of a system of pipelines and sprinklers, but unlike a sprinkler system, water deluge sprinklers do not have locks and are constantly open. A water supply valve with a temperature-sensitive lock is installed in the pipeline supplying water to a group of successively located sprinklers. In case of fire, the lock opens the valve and water flows from all deluge heads to extinguish the fire or create a curtain. The fire alarm goes off at the same time.

The performance of sprinkler and deluge installations depends on their Maintenance, which consists of the implementation of a number of activities provided for by the instructions for their operation.

Hot water system

Hot water in hotels is used for domestic and industrial needs. Therefore, it, as well as cold water used for these purposes, must meet the requirements of GOST R 2872--82. The temperature of hot water in order to avoid burns should not exceed 70 ° C and be not lower than 60 ° C, which is necessary for production needs.

Hot water supply in hotels can be local, central or centralized.

At local water supply, water coming from the cold water supply system is heated in gas, electric water-heating, water-heating columns. In this case, water is heated directly at the places of its consumption. In order to avoid interruptions in hot water supply, hotels usually use central system hot water supply. At central hot water preparation, the water coming from the cold water supply system is heated by water heaters in an individual heating point hotel building or central heating point, sometimes water is heated directly in the boilers of local and central boiler houses. At centralized in heat supply, water is heated in water heaters by steam or hot water coming from the city heating system.

The scheme of hot water supply networks can be dead-end or with the organization of hot water circulation through the circulation pipeline system. Dead End Schemes provide for constant water intake. If the water withdrawal is periodic, then with such a scheme, the water in the pipelines during the period of no withdrawal will cool down, and during the withdrawal, it will flow to water points with a lower temperature. This leads to the need for an unproductive reset a large number water through a draw-off point, if desired, to obtain water with a temperature of 60 - 70 "C.

In the scheme with water circulation this disadvantage is absent, although it is more expensive. Therefore, such a scheme is used in cases where the water intake is not constant, but it is required to maintain a constant water temperature during the water intake.

Circulation networks are arranged with forced or natural circulation. forced circulation carried out by installing pumps, similar to the water heating system of buildings. It is used in buildings with more than two floors, and with a significant length of main pipelines. In one-, two-story buildings with a small length of pipelines, it is possible to arrange natural circulation of water through a system of circulation pipelines due to the difference in the volumetric mass of water at different temperatures. The principle of operation of such a system is similar to the principle of operation of a water

heating with natural circulation. As well as in cold water supply systems, hot water mains can be with lower and upper wiring.

The hot water supply system of a building includes three main elements: a hot water generator (water heater), pipelines and water points.

As hot water generators in systems of central hot water supply, high-speed water-water and steam-water heaters, as well as capacious water heaters, are used.

Rice. 2.18.

a- single section; b- multisectional; 1 and 7 - pipes for water inlet; 2 - confuser; 3 and 5 - pipes for water outlet; 4 -- section of the water heater; 6 - thermometer fitting; 8 - jumper; 9 -- knee

Rice. 2.19.

AT fast steam water heater hot steam supplied to the body of the heater heats the water passing through the brass tubes located inside the body.

The design temperature of the heat carrier in the water-to-water heater is assumed to be 75 ° C, the initial temperature of the heated water is 5 ° C, the speed of the heated water is 0.5 - 3 m / s. High-speed water heaters are used in systems with a uniform water flow and high water consumption.

Capacitive water heaters used in systems with intermittent and low water consumption. They allow not only to heat, but also to accumulate hot water.

Three, four and five star hotels must have backup hot water system during emergencies or preventive maintenance. For a backup hot water supply system, industrial electric water heaters can be used. On fig. 2.19 shows an electric industrial water heater "OSO" (Norway). The tank capacity of such a water heater is from 600 to 10,000 liters, the water temperature adjustment range is from 55 to 85 ° C. The inner tank is made of of stainless steel with copper coating. In a backup hot water supply system, there may be several water heaters operating in parallel.

The pipelines of the hot and cold water supply system are a single complex of the hotel's economic and industrial supply system and are laid in parallel.

Water points are equipped with mixer taps that allow you to get a wide range of water temperatures (from 20 to 70 ° C) by mixing hot and cold water.

For the hot water supply system, galvanized steel or plastic pipes are used to avoid corrosion. Connections steel pipes and fittings for the same reason must be threaded. To reduce heat losses and prevent water cooling, main pipelines and risers are thermally insulated. Water folding and pipeline fittings in hot water supply systems are used brass or bronze with seals that can withstand temperatures up to 100 ° C.

Operation of water supply systems

After completing all installation work for the construction or overhaul of cold or hot water supply systems, they proceed to their acceptance into service. Acceptance begins with an inspection of all equipment and pipelines of water supply systems. Noticed deficiencies are included in the defective statement. They are subject to elimination within the specified time.

Then, after eliminating the identified deficiencies, they carry out testing the water supply system for leaks. In this case, the fittings of all water points must be closed. The test consists in the fact that the pipelines are filled with water using a hydraulic press, raising the pressure in the pipelines to the working value. In the event of leaks, minor installation defects are eliminated, pipeline connections are tightened between themselves, with equipment and fittings, and glands are sealed. Upon completion of these works, a hydraulic press creates a pressure in the pipelines higher than the working one by 0.5 MPa and maintains the system under this pressure for 10 minutes. During this period, the pressure should not rise by more than 0.05 Pa. If this requirement is met, the system is considered to have passed the tightness test. Simultaneously with pipeline networks, water heaters of hot water supply systems are tested under pressure.

Upon completion of work on checking the tightness of the water supply system, it is carried out trial run. During a test run, they check the adequacy of the supply of cold and hot water to all water points, determine whether the water temperature corresponds to the required value (65 - 70 ° C), check the absence of noise during operation of the pump and its overheating, draw up an act.

The correct and reliable operation of the internal plumbing system depends on its operating conditions, proper supervision and care.

Basic operating conditions: elimination of water leakage, prevention of freezing of water in the pipes of the network and sweating of the surface of pipelines, low water pressure, noise control from water fittings when they are opened.

During the operation of the cold and hot water supply systems, periodic inspections systems by setting the following:

* serviceability of valves of the water metering unit and water meter, pumping equipment;
* absence of water leaks in fittings and equipment connections;
* serviceability of equipment for heating water;
* serviceability of main pipelines, risers, connections;
* Serviceability of water fittings.

Water leak through pipelines usually occurs when they are damaged due to corrosion. With open laying of pipelines, damaged pipes are easy to detect and replace, with hidden ones, it is very difficult to detect a leak.

The main water leakage occurs through water folding devices due to wear of sealing gaskets, damage or wear of individual parts of the units. Worn or damaged items must be replaced or repaired.

To avoid plumbing damage due to frozen pipes when the heating system is turned off and the temperature in the rooms drops to 3 ° C, it is necessary to drain the water from the pipelines.

During the operation of the water supply system, situations may arise in which water is weakly or not at all supplied to the draw-off points. This can be caused by: insufficient pressure at the entrance to the building; clogging of the water meter grid or installation of a water meter of insufficient caliber; pump malfunction; a decrease in the flow area of pipelines due to fouling of the pipe walls with salt deposits or the ingress of foreign objects and rust. To eliminate the above reasons, you must:

* install a pump to increase the pressure in the pipeline system of the building;
* clean or replace the water meter;
* fix or replace the pump valve;
* clean water pipes and fittings.

Hot water supply system in hotel enterprises. Hot water in hotels is used for domestic and industrial needs. Therefore, it, as well as cold water used for these purposes, must meet the requirements of GOST R 2872-82. The temperature of hot water in order to avoid burns should not exceed 70 "C and be not lower than 60 ° C, which is necessary for production needs. Hot water supply in hotels can be: local, central centralized.

With local water supply, water coming from the cold water supply system is heated in gas, electric water heaters, water heaters. In this case, water is heated directly at the places of its consumption.

In order to avoid interruptions in hot water supply, hotels usually use a central hot water supply system. During central hot water preparation, the water coming from the cold water supply system is heated by water heaters in the individual heating point of the hotel building or the central heating point, sometimes the water is heated directly in the boilers of local and central boiler houses. With district heating, water is heated in water heaters with steam or hot water coming from the city heating network.

The scheme of hot water supply networks can be dead-end or with the organization of hot water circulation through the circulation pipeline system. Dead-end schemes provide for a constant drawdown. If the water withdrawal is periodic, then with such a scheme, the water in the pipelines during the period of no withdrawal will cool down, and during the withdrawal, it will flow to water points with a lower temperature.

This leads to the need for unproductive discharge of a large amount of water through the draw-off point, if you want to get water with a temperature of 60-70 °C. In the scheme with water circulation, this disadvantage is absent, although it is more expensive. Therefore, such a scheme is used in cases where the water intake is not constant, but it is required to maintain a constant water temperature during the water intake. Circulation networks are arranged with forced or natural circulation. Forced circulation is carried out by installing pumps, similar to the water heating system of buildings.

It is used in buildings with more than two floors, and with a significant length of main pipelines. In one-two-story buildings with a small length of pipelines, it is possible to arrange natural circulation of water through a system of circulation pipelines due to the difference in the volumetric mass of water at different temperatures. The principle of operation of such a system is similar to the principle of operation of a water heating system with natural circulation.

As well as in cold water supply systems, hot water mains can be with lower and upper wiring. The hot water supply system of a building includes three main elements: a hot water generator (water heater), pipelines and water pipes, and water points. 3.2 Hot Water Technology A good rule of thumb for hot water systems is to keep the temperature as low as possible for the occupants. It has been observed that corrosion and deposition of mineral salts accelerate with increasing temperature.

A temperature of 60°C is considered as the maximum for normal consumption. If residents consider hot water sufficient at a temperature less than the indicated temperature by 5-8 ° C, then so much the better. For special purposes where hotter water is required, such as for dishes washing machines in apartments or restaurants located in a residential building, it is necessary to use separate heaters. Just because dishwashers need water at 70°C, there is no need to heat all hot water to that temperature.

Heaters at home dishwashers ah usually electric type. Hot water systems for general purposes are similar to heating systems. If, for example, an individual heating and cooling installation uses electricity as "fuel", the same source is provided for the hot water system. On the other hand, if a central heating installation is designed, then hot water is often made as part of this system.

The subject of discussion is the choice of method for heating water: using a boiler, a water heater, or a combination of both methods. If the project provides for only one hot water boiler, hot water must be heated by a separate device. This boiler can be shut down during the summer for preventive maintenance. Therefore, the use of installations with one unit is allowed only if the deprivation of hot water for several days a year will not annoy the residents.

When installing two or more boilers, it is advantageous to combine the hot water supply system with the heating system. In this case, the area of the boiler room is saved and initial costs are reduced. However, we should not forget that the heating of water does not occur by itself. Therefore, if boilers of the heating system are used for hot water supply, their productivity should be increased by the amount of heat that is spent to heat the water in the hot water supply system.

The load on the boiler depends on the orientation of the hotel, the temperature of the incoming cold water, etc.; Outside design temperature, °С Load on the boiler for hot water supply, % -23 20 -12 25 -1 33 The more boilers in the installation, the more efficient it works in summer. If two boilers of the same capacity are provided, they will be too large for the load in the summer, except in areas with a very mild climate.

If there are five of them, then heating water will be economical even in the coldest areas. The mechanism for heating water from a central boiler plant is very simple. The most popular water heaters are a shell with a bundle of copper pipes of small diameter enclosed in it. The heat carrier (steam or hot water from the boiler) washes the pipes from the outside, and the hot water flows inside them. The temperature or quantity of the heating medium is adjusted depending on the temperature of the hot water so that it is fairly constant regardless of the water draw. The advantage of this heater is its small footprint.

For example, for a 200-apartment building, the need for hot water is met by a steam water heater with a diameter of 200 mm and a length of 2 m, which is easy to install in a boiler room. If an additional increase in the cost of the project can be allowed, it is better to install two heaters on the same foundation, working alternately.

This recommendation is often neglected in favor of lower initial costs, considering that a short interruption in the supply of hot water is not a disaster. However, it is good to have a spare bundle of pipes for quick replacement, as it can take several days or even weeks to repair the entire water heater. Local water heaters can be used in the form of a boiler or a heat exchanger installed specifically for this purpose. Very often, the process of heating water is carried out in one or more boilers, in which water is heated directly by fuel, without an intermediate heat exchanger.

This fuel may be gas, oil or electricity, and the heater may have some capacity for heated water. The heat accumulators used in hot water supply systems work like a bank in which you invest money when there is a surplus of it, and then you spend it. This is due to the fact that water consumption during the day is far from uniform - the maximum is in the morning and evening "peak" hours. As a result, a difficult situation is created.

Let's explain this with the following example. Suppose that, according to the calculation, the total demand for hot water during the day is 18200 liters, and this need is determined based on the study of statistical data for many years. At the same time, it is expected that the maximum flow will be from 7 to 8 am and will be 3400 liters. There are two extreme cases. In one case, the performance of the installation was chosen based on the need to heat 3400 liters of water per hour from the temperature at which cold water enters to a temperature of 52-60°C. Another extreme case will be if we assume that water is evenly consumed during the day. In our example, the consumption will be equal to 18200 liters divided by 24 hours, i.e. 760 liters per hour. The battery is calculated in such a way that it can provide the peak demand for hot water in an hour of operation. In our example, the highest flow rate is 3400 liters, of which the water heater can produce 760 liters per hour. Therefore, the battery should add 2640 hp. The battery is a steel tank cylindrical shape. Hot water leaving the tank must be replaced by cold water.

About 75% of the tank capacity can be replaced before the colder mixture changes the temperature of the hot water supply. Therefore, the useful capacity of the tank is 75% of the total capacity.

In our example, this means that the capacity of the storage tank should be 3520 liters. A particular benefit from the use of batteries is obtained for central systems. A smaller heater means a smaller boiler, smaller chimney and more efficient operation as that heater is used more fully throughout the day. There are also serious drawbacks.

The battery takes up a lot of space and costs a lot of money, it corrodes, requires maintenance, and finally, it needs to be dismantled and replaced. However, all this is not the main criterion for choosing one of these extreme systems. Each project should be judged on its own metrics. 3.3 Hot water circulation and system protection During the last hours of the night, when there is very little or no hot water withdrawal in a residential building, the temperature of the water standing still in the pipelines drops to about the temperature of a hotel.

The first inhabitant to wake up, flushing the water early in the morning, discovers that the water is cold and that a large amount of water must be released before it becomes hot. The solution to this problem is to install an additional piping system that allows water to slowly circulate through the pipes and through the water heater.

Circulation can be carried out in a gravitational way, under the influence of the mass difference between the hottest and coolest water, similar to how water circulates in a heating system. Often, for this purpose, circulation pump. And the last issue that needs to be considered is the security of the system. As water is heated by more than 4°C, it expands.

It will be shown later that the air collectors on the water lines dampen this expansion, but with a significant expansion or if the air collectors are overflowing with water, it is necessary to have a safety valve that would open automatically and, releasing some water, relieve the pressure in the system. It is usually enough to dump a small amount of water. The second danger lies in the possible breakdown of the heater thermostats, which can lead to unacceptably high water heating. This also forces the installation of a safety valve that prevents very hot water from reaching the consumer.

These two functions are usually assigned to the same valve, called a thermopneumatic relief valve. At any moment, quite unexpectedly, it can completely open. To protect people from injury, a pipeline is attached to the valve and taken to a safe place, preferably directly above the wastewater receiver. This should be especially remembered when installing an individual water heater in a separate house. Reset from safety valve must be taken to a place where he cannot harm anyone or anything. 3.4 Water piping system Water piping must be resistant to erosion and corrosion.

Erosion is caused by the movement of water, while corrosion is caused by chemical action. For example, if there is air in steel pipes (and incoming water always contains some air), a chemical reaction occurs.

As a result, iron oxide, called rust, appears on them. Therefore, steel pipes intended for water supply are electrochemically coated with zinc. This process is called galvanization. As materials for the manufacture of pipes, in addition to steel, copper, brass, cast iron, asbestos-cement mixtures and a large number of plastics are used. Copper is an expensive material, but it is well processed and connected.

If possible, it is recommended to use copper pipes for the installation of high-quality pipelines. Despite the fact that cast iron contains a lot of iron, which is susceptible to corrosion, chemical reactions occur during the production of cast iron, as a result of which it becomes corrosion-resistant. Therefore, cast iron pipes are often used for underground utilities, especially with a diameter of 75 mm or more, for which copper is an expensive material. The greater the mass of cast iron pipes, the less suitable they are for laying inside the house, where it is very difficult to fix them. Asbestos-cement pipes are also difficult to work with.

They are mainly used for underground communications. Plastic pipes have recently become very popular due to their moderate price and ease of connection; they resist not only corrosion, but also the passage electric current, which sometimes complicates the use of metal pipes. A serious obstacle to the widespread use of plastic pipes is their unsuitability at high temperatures.

Such pipes should not be placed near a boiler or a firebox, the surface temperature of which is above 70°C. It is impossible to use them for hot water networks in a hotel, as this is very dangerous for people's lives and can lead to a serious failure of the piping system. The layout of cold water pipes in a building is similar to the structure of a tree: the input is the trunk of the tree, and the mains and outlets are its branches. In large hotels, valves are not installed on the main thoroughfares so that when repair work in any part of the system, other consumers were not left without water. If a water pipes hidden in building structures, access to the valves must be provided, and each valve must be identified with the specific part of the system it serves.

Depending on the availability of space for laying highways, systems come with upper and lower wiring. (Fig. 4) In houses, the height of which allows the implementation of a water supply system without a booster installation, they make lower wiring of highways with risers through which water rises to the consumer. If a system with an upper pressure tank is being built, then the upper wiring of the mains is made in the attic.

The hot water supply system can also be with upper and lower wiring. In six-story houses, a system with a lower wiring is usually used. In the upper part of the hotel, each supply riser is connected to a circulation riser laid nearby.

Then the circulation risers are combined with a circulation line, which is laid in parallel with the supply line. If the number of floors is more than six, then the length of the backup circulation risers increases accordingly, and the cost increases significantly. In this case, they prefer to bring each riser to the attic, and then combine these

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2.1.3. Water supply system
Cold water system

Hotels located in cities and towns, as a rule, are supplied with cold water from the city (village) water supply. Hotels located in the countryside, in the mountains, on highways, have a local water supply system.

In urban water supply, water is used from open (rivers, lakes) or closed (groundwater) sources.

Water in the city water supply must comply with the requirements of GOST R 2872-82. Before being supplied to the city water supply network, water from open sources of water supply always undergoes pre-treatment to bring its quality indicators in line with the requirements of the standard. Water from closed water sources usually does not need to be treated. Water treatment is carried out on waterworks. When water is supplied from rivers, stations are placed along the river above settlements.

The composition of the waterworks includes the following presented in Fig. 2.13 structures:

Water intake devices;

First lift pumps;

Settling tanks and treatment facilities;

Water storage tanks;

Second lift pumps.

From the waterworks through the city water supply network, water enters the consumers.
7-

Rice. 2.13. Scheme of the waterworks:

1 - water intake facility; 2 - pumping station of the first lift; 3 - treatment facilities; 4 - clean water tanks; 5 - pumping station of the second rise; 6 - conduits; 7 - water tower; 8 - main water supply network
City water networks constructed from steel, cast iron, reinforced concrete or asbestos-cement pipes. Valves are installed on them in wells to turn off individual sections of the water supply network in case of an accident and repair, fire hydrants for water supply when extinguishing fires. Pipelines of the water supply network are located at a depth of at least 0.2 m below the depth of soil freezing in winter. Steel pipelines must have reliable waterproofing.

The internal plumbing of the cold water supply system includes the following elements:

One or more inputs;

Water measuring unit;

Filters for additional water purification;

booster pumps and water tanks;

Pipeline system with control valves (distribution lines, risers, connections);

Water folding devices;

Fire extinguishing devices.

On fig. 2.14 presents various schemes of cold water supply systems.

input called the section of the pipeline connecting the internal water supply to the external water supply. The input is carried out perpendicular to the wall of the building. For this, cast-iron or asbestos-cement pipes are used. At the point of connection of the input to the external water supply network, a well and a valve are installed, which, if necessary, turns off the water supply to the building. Hotels usually arrange two inputs, which guarantees, firstly, an uninterrupted supply of cold water, and secondly, a sufficient supply of water to fire hydrants in the event of a fire.

Water meter assembly designed to measure water consumption by an enterprise. It is installed in a heated room immediately after the input passes through the outer wall of the building. Water flow measurement is carried out using a water meter.

Rice. 2.14. Schemes of cold water supply systems:

a- a scheme with direct connection to the city water supply network (with a lower dead-end wiring of the main); b- a scheme with a water tank (with an upper dead-end wiring to the masters); in- with a booster pump (with a lower ring wiring of the main line); G - with a booster pump and a water tank (with a lower dead-end wiring of the line); d- with a booster pump and a hydropneumatic tank (with a lower dead-end line wiring); 1 - city water main; 2 - shut-off valve; 3 - plumbing input; 4 - water meter; 5 - drain valve; 6 - main pipeline; 7 - riser; 8- shut-off valve on the riser; 9 - branches to water points; 10 - booster pump; 11 - water tank; 12 - float valve; 13 - check valve; 14 - hydropneumatic tank; 15 - compressor
The water meter is selected according to reference data, depending on the estimated maximum hourly (second) water flow at the inlet.

In four- and five-star hotels, water from the city water supply must pass additional cleaning at water treatment plants. The purpose of additional processing is to obtain water that meets international quality standards.

The scheme of the water treatment station is shown in fig. 2.15. At water treatment plants, water is passed through special filters consisting of layers of quartz, river sand, activated carbon, disinfected with an ultraviolet irradiation lamp (UVR), and various additives are added to the water.

The UV lamp kills the microbes contained in the water, softens it. Lamp life should not exceed one year.

Where is the pressure required to raise water from the input to the highest point, Pa; - pressure loss in the water meter unit, Pa; - pressure loss at the water treatment plant, Pa; - pressure loss in pipelines, Pa; - the required free pressure at the highest water draw point, Pa.

Rice. 2.15. Scheme of the hotel water treatment plant
The pressure in the internal water supply network should not exceed 0.6 MPa.

Depending on the ratio of values and the building is equipped with one of the cold water supply systems.

When > provides a constant supply of water to all water points of the building and the simplest water supply system is installed without a booster pump and a water tank (see Fig. 2.14, a).

If constantly at certain hours of the day, and therefore, water is periodically provided to a number of water points, a water supply system is arranged with water pressure or hydropneumatic tank(see fig. 2.14, b).

During periods when , the water tank is filled with water, and when , the water from the water tank is consumed for internal consumption.

Provided that a significant part of the time, they arrange a water supply system with booster pumps or with booster pumps and a water pressure (or hydropneumatic) tank (see Fig. 2.14, c-d).

In the latter version, the pump operates periodically, filling the tank, from which the system is supplied with water. The water tank is installed at the top of the building. The hydropneumatic tank is located at the bottom of the building. The premises in which the pumps are installed must have heating, lighting and ventilation. The building may be served by one or more pumps installed in parallel or in series. If the building is served by one pump, then the second pump must be connected to the network and the second pump is a backup. Pumps are selected taking into account their performance and the pressure generated.

The diameter of the pipeline is determined according to special tables, depending on the number of water draw-off (water-consuming) points and their sizes.

The diameter of the mains of the economic-industrial-fire-fighting water supply systems is assumed to be at least 50 mm.

Domestic plumbing systems are equipped pipeline and water fittings.

Safety fittings include safety and check valves, control fittings include level indicators, control valves, and valves for pressure gauges.

Water-folding fittings include various taps at the points of water tapping: wall-mounted, toilet, drain cisterns, watering, urinal, flush, as well as mixer taps for sinks, bathtubs, showers, washbasins, pools, washing machines, etc.
Fire water supply
Water is the most common fire extinguishing agent. Possessing a high heat capacity, it cools combustible substances to a temperature lower than the temperature of their self-ignition, and blocks the access of air to the combustion zone with the help of the resulting vapors. A jet of water directed under high pressure has a mechanical effect on the fire, knocking down the flame and penetrating into the depths of the burning object. Spreading over the burning object, the water wets the parts of the building structures that are not yet covered by fire and protects them from catching fire.

To extinguish the fire, water is supplied from the existing water supply. In some cases, it can be supplied by pumps from natural or artificial reservoirs.

Internal fire water supply is provided by the device in the building of risers with fire hydrants. fire hydrants placed on landings, in corridors and separate rooms of hotels at a height of 1.35 m from the floor in special lockers with the designation "PC". The fire cabinet equipment is shown in fig. 2.16. In the locker, in addition to the crane, there should be a canvas sleeve 10 or 20 m long and a metal fire nozzle (water hose). The sleeve has quick-release nuts at the ends for connection with the stem and valve of the crane. The sleeves are placed on a swivel shelf or wound on a reel. The distance between the fire hydrants depends on the length of the hose and must be such that the entire building area is irrigated with at least one jet. In the building, the use of sleeves of the same length and diameter is allowed.

Rice. 2.16. Fire locker equipment:

a - with swivel shelf; b- with coil; 1 - cabinet walls; 2 - fire hydrant; 3 - fire stand; 4 - fire barrel; 5 - fire hose; 6 - swivel shelf;

7 - coil
In hotels located in multi-storey buildings, the internal fire water supply system also includes automatic fire extinguishers that localize the source of fire, block the path of a spreading flame and flue gases, and eliminate fire. Automatic fire extinguishing equipment includes sprinkler and deluge systems. Schemes of sprinkler and deluge fire-fighting water supply systems are shown in fig. 2.17.

sprinkler systems are used for local extinguishing of fires and fires, cooling building structures and signaling a fire.

The sprinkler system includes a system of pipelines laid under the ceiling and filled with water, and sprinklers, the openings of which are closed with fusible locks. When ready, the sprinkler system is pressurized. When the temperature in the room rises, the sprinkler lock melts and the water jet from the sprinkler, hitting the socket, breaks over the fire. At the same time, water approaches the alarm device, which gives a signal about a fire. The area protected by one sprinkler is about 10 m 2 . Sprinklers are installed in residential rooms, corridors, service and public areas of hotels.

Rice. 2.17. Schematic diagram of sprinkler and deluge fire-fighting water supply systems:

a- sprinkler system; b- deluge system; 1 - sprinkler sprinkler; 2 - distribution manifold; 3 - connecting pipeline; 4- water tank; 5- control and signal valve; b- water supply valve; 7- water riser; 8 - deluge sprinkler; 9- incentive pipeline; 10 - water main
Deluge systems designed to extinguish fires over the entire settlement area, create water curtains in the openings of fire walls, above fire doors dividing hotel corridors into sections, and fire alarms. Drencher systems can be with automatic and manual (local and remote) activation. Deluge systems consist of a system of pipelines and sprinklers, but unlike a sprinkler system, water deluge sprinklers do not have locks and are constantly open. A water supply valve with a temperature-sensitive lock is installed in the pipeline supplying water to a group of successively located sprinklers. In case of fire, the lock opens the valve and water flows from all deluge heads to extinguish the fire or create a curtain. The fire alarm goes off at the same time.

The performance of sprinkler and deluge installations depends on their maintenance, which consists of a number of measures provided for in the instructions for their operation.
Hot water system
Hot water in hotels is used for domestic and industrial needs. Therefore, it, as well as cold water used for these purposes, must meet the requirements of GOST R 2872-82. The temperature of hot water in order to avoid burns should not exceed 70 ° C and be not lower than 60 ° C, which is necessary for production needs.

Hot water supply in hotels can be local, central or centralized.

At local water supply, water coming from the cold water supply system is heated in gas, electric water-heating, water-heating columns. In this case, water is heated directly at the places of its consumption. In order to avoid interruptions in hot water supply, hotels usually use a central hot water supply system. At central In the preparation of hot water, the water coming from the cold water supply system is heated by water heaters in the individual heating point of the hotel building or the central heating point, sometimes the water is heated directly in the boilers of local and central boiler houses. At centralized In heat supply, water is heated in water heaters with steam or hot water coming from the city heating network.

The scheme of hot water supply networks can be dead-end or with the organization of hot water circulation through the circulation pipeline system. Dead End Schemes provide for constant water intake. If the water withdrawal is periodic, then with such a scheme, the water in the pipelines during the period of no withdrawal will cool down, and during the withdrawal, it will flow to water points with a lower temperature. This leads to the need for unproductive discharge of a large amount of water through the draw-off point, if you want to get water with a temperature of 60 - 70 "C.

Circulation networks are arranged with forced or natural circulation. Forced circulation is carried out by installing pumps, similar to the water heating system of buildings. It is used in buildings with more than two floors, and with a significant length of main pipelines. In one-, two-story buildings with a small length of pipelines, it is possible to arrange natural circulation of water through a system of circulation pipelines due to the difference in the volumetric mass of water at different temperatures. The principle of operation of such a system is similar to the principle of operation of a water

Heating with natural circulation. As well as in cold water supply systems, hot water mains can be with lower and upper wiring.

The hot water supply system of a building includes three main elements: a hot water generator (water heater), pipelines and water points.

As hot water generators in systems of central hot water supply, high-speed water-water and steam-water heaters, as well as capacious water heaters, are used.

Principle of operation high-speed hot water water heater, shown in fig. 2.18, consists in the fact that the coolant - hot water coming from the boiler room of the hotel or the centralized heating system, passes through brass tubes located inside a steel pipe, the annulus of which is filled with heated water.

Rice. 2.18. Scheme of a high-speed water-water heater:
a- single section; b- multi-section; 1 and 7 - branch pipes for water inlet; 2 - confuser; 3 and 5 - branch pipes for water outlet; 4 - section of the water heater; 6 - thermometer fitting; 8 - jumper; 9 - knee

Rice. 2.19. Electric industrial water heater "OSO" (Norway)
AT fast steam water heater hot steam supplied to the body of the heater heats the water passing through the brass tubes located inside the body.

The design temperature of the heat carrier in the water-to-water heater is assumed to be 75 °C, the initial temperature of the heated water is 5 °C, the velocity of the heated water is 0.5 - 3 m/s. High-speed water heaters are used in systems with a uniform water flow and high water consumption.

Capacitive water heaters used in systems with intermittent and low water consumption. They allow not only to heat, but also to accumulate hot water.

Three, four and five star hotels must have backup hot water system during emergencies or preventive maintenance. For a backup hot water supply system, industrial electric water heaters can be used. On fig. 2.19 shows an electric industrial water heater "OSO" (Norway). The tank capacity of such a water heater is from 600 to 10,000 liters, the water temperature adjustment range is from 55 to 85 ° C. The inner tank is made of copper-plated stainless steel. In a backup hot water supply system, there may be several water heaters operating in parallel.

The pipelines of the hot and cold water supply system are a single complex of the hotel's economic and industrial supply system and are laid in parallel.

Water points are equipped with mixer taps that allow you to get a wide range of water temperatures (from 20 to 70 ° C) by mixing hot and cold water.

For the hot water supply system, galvanized steel or plastic pipes are used to avoid corrosion. Connections of steel pipes and fittings for the same reason must be threaded. To reduce heat losses and prevent water cooling, main pipelines and risers are thermally insulated. Water folding and pipeline fittings in hot water supply systems are used brass or bronze with seals that can withstand temperatures up to 100 ° C.
Operation of water supply systems
After completion of all installation work on the construction or overhaul of cold or hot water supply systems, they proceed to their acceptance into service. Acceptance begins with an inspection of all equipment and pipelines of water supply systems. Noticed deficiencies are included in the defective statement. They are subject to elimination within the specified time.

The correct and reliable operation of the internal plumbing system depends on its operating conditions, proper supervision and care.

During the operation of the cold and hot water supply systems, periodic inspections systems by setting the following:

Serviceability of valves of the water metering unit and water meter, pumping equipment;

No water leaks in fittings and equipment connections;

Serviceability of equipment for heating water;

Serviceability of main pipelines, risers, connections;

Serviceability of water fittings.

The main water leakage occurs through water folding devices due to wear of sealing gaskets, damage or wear of individual parts of the units. Worn or damaged items must be replaced or repaired.

To avoid plumbing damage due to frozen pipes when the heating system is turned off and the temperature in the rooms drops to 3 ° C, it is necessary to drain the water from the pipelines.

Install a pump to increase the pressure in the pipeline system of the building;

Clean or replace the water meter;

Repair or replace the pump valve;

Clean water lines and fittings.

During the operation of the water supply system, there may also be noise in pipelines. Vibration and noise occur when the pump wears out and is improperly installed when pipes are rigidly embedded in building structures.
2.1.4. sewerage system
The hotel building, which has a system of cold and hot water supply, must also be equipped with an internal sewerage system, through which waste liquid is removed from the building. Waste liquid called water, which was used for various needs and received additional impurities (pollution) that changed its chemical composition or physical properties. The internal sewerage system is connected to the city sewer networks. Waste liquid is transported through the city sewerage system to the treatment plant. After purification, the water is sent to reservoirs. Treatment facilities are located along the river below the settlements.

Depending on the origin and nature of pollution, sewage is divided into domestic, storm and industrial.

domestic sewerage in hotels it is intended for removal of sewage from sanitary devices.

Storm sewer(drains) serves to drain atmospheric water from the roofs of buildings using downpipes.

AT industrial sewerage wastewater comes from sinks and sinks of the catering unit, utility rooms, laundries, hairdressers, etc.

The scheme of the device of the internal sewerage of the building and the yard sewer network is shown in fig. 2.20.

Rice. 2.20. Scheme of the device of the internal sewerage of the building and the yard sewer network:

1 - street sewer network; 2 - city well; 3 - yard sewer network; 4- control well; 5- manhole; 6- release; 7- branches; 8 - sewage receivers with hydraulic seals; 9 - riser;

10 - ventilation tube riser
The internal sewerage system of the hotel enterprise consists of:

From sewage receivers;

Pipelines (branches that drain waste fluid from receivers; sewer risers that transport waste fluid from top to bottom; outlets - horizontal pipes that drain waste fluid from risers outside the building to the yard sewer network).

The sewerage system in hotels can be additionally equipped with devices for cleaning industrial waste liquid.

Waste liquid receivers are household (sanitary appliances) and special production. The hotels have the following household sanitary appliances: washbasins, toilet bowls, urinals, bidets, shower trays, floor drains, bathtubs. To production receivers sewage liquids include sinks, sinks, drains, bathtubs of washing machines, dishwashers, laundry equipment, etc.

All sewage receivers (with the exception of toilet bowls) are supplied with mesh, installed in the neck of the drain pipe, and are equipped with hydraulic seal(siphon). Nets prevent large, water-insoluble particles from entering the sewerage system and blocking pipelines. The hydraulic locks shown in fig. 2.21, do not allow toxic and foul-smelling gases to enter the premises from the sewer network. Hydraulic valves are varied in design. They are mounted separately or are included in the design of the sanitary appliance. In a hydraulic seal, the penetration of gases into the room is prevented by a layer of waste liquid with a height of 100 mm or more.

Pipelines of internal sewerage systems - outlets, risers, outlets- mounted from cast-iron socket pipes and cast-iron shaped pipes, as well as from steel and plastic pipes. Metal pipes are coated inside with a special composition to protect against corrosion. Plastic pipes are not subject to corrosion. Pipelines of internal sewerage systems are laid mostly openly. In some cases, risers and outlets from ladders, toilet bowls, urinals, bidets, bathtubs, shower trays are hidden.

Horizontal pipelines are laid with a slope towards risers or outlets. Sewer risers must communicate with atmospheric air for ventilation. To do this, they are brought outside above the roof of the building.

Holes are provided on pipelines and hydraulic valves - revisions and cleaning. The revisions are closed with a lid, which is sealed with gaskets. Cleanings are closed with a stopper on the thread. Through these holes, the pipelines of the internal sewage system are cleaned.

Rice. 2.21. Hydraulic gates:
a and b- toilet bowls with oblique and direct release; in- shower tray; guide- wash basins and sinks; e- ladder; 1 - pad; 2 - union nut; 3- cleaning cover; 4- vertical outlet; 5- horizontal outlet

DESIGN OF MINI-HOTELS

AT last years in various parts of our country, there is an increase in the construction of small private hotels and boarding houses. Thanks to the flexible pricing policy they are in demand among tourists. And the high profitability of this type of business makes investing in its development attractive for large and small private investors.

First of all, the "hotel boom" affected the Moscow region, the resort areas of the Krasnodar Territory (from Anapa to Adler), the Baltic coast (including St. Petersburg), as well as popular tourist places in the Urals, Altai and the Caucasus. As a rule, these are small buildings, comparable in total area to cottages, designed for a maximum of two or three dozen rooms and, often, having their own kitchen, restaurant and laundry.

Regardless of the "star" of the hotel, the owners have to solve a number of typical tasks for the arrangement of building engineering systems. Moreover, it is often not possible to connect to centralized heating and water supply networks, so you have to resort to autonomous solutions.

Water supply

Ensuring the quality of the hotel clean water is one of the most pressing issues. It is required for the functioning of bathrooms and sewers, as well as for the operation of the kitchen and laundry. An autonomous water supply system involves the use of water sources such as a well or a well, depending on daily needs. Water consumption per person according to Russian standards ranges from 120 l / day (with shared bathrooms and showers) to 300 l / day (with bathrooms in each room). That is, the average daily need of a hotel for ten to twenty rooms can be more than one dozen cubic meters of water. This should be taken into account when calculating the performance of water lifting equipment.

An autonomous water supply system in general includes an automated water-lifting installation (pump), a storage tank, as well as distributing pipelines and stop valves. The specific type of pump used depends on the height of the water.

At the level of water rise up to 7-8 m (from wells), surface self-priming pumps that are connected to the well by a hose or pipeline. For such cases, compact automatic pumping stations, for example, Hydrojet JP from Grundfos with a flow rate of up to 4 m3/h, having its own expansion tank up to 50 l. They provide constant system pressure no matter how many draw points are currently in use. This supply is enough to meet the needs of guests even during peak hours (morning and evening).

However, not always and not everywhere the well can supply the hotel with such a large amount of water. So often the owners have to invest in drilling an artesian well, which is expensive (from $40 to $100 per running meter at a depth of 40-200 m). The water-lifting equipment in this case is a submersible borehole pump placed directly into the well. The most convenient are pumps with electronic flow control (for example, Grundfos type SQE with a capacity of up to 9 m3 / h), which maintain a constant water pressure regardless of the flow rate. The pump automatically maintains set pressure with varying flow rates using the built-in speed converter. This is important for the stable operation of water heaters, washing machines, dishwashers, etc.

Waste question

Another urgent task is to organize an effective disposal of sewage and wastewater from bathrooms, toilets, sinks, etc. In well-maintained areas with dense buildings, as a rule, you can use a centralized sewer collector. This is the easiest and most economical way to dispose of wastewater. Gravity sewerage is arranged in the building, similar to that functioning in any multi-storey building.

But often there are situations when it is impossible to organize gravity flow, and the collector is laid too far. Then it is necessary to use pressure sewer systems, produced in the form of compact sewer stations ready for installation. They consist of a storage tank made of corrosion-resistant material, a submersible pump, pipelines and fittings. If you place such a device in the basement of the hotel, then the wastewater will flow into it by gravity. When the tank is filled, the automation turns on the pump, which, under the required pressure, empties the tank into the collective manifold.

In the absence of the possibility of connecting to a collective sewer collector, hotel owners have to solve problems for independent device collectors and treatment facilities - taking into account the rigid sanitary requirements. Such an autonomous system can be based on a septic tank (a large periodically emptied tank), into which all the drains of the hotel will fall.

The task of removing used water from bathrooms and toilets is solved with compact automatic sewer systems (such as the Grundfos Sololift+). They are a small tank with a built-in pump, directly connected to plumbing fixtures (located under the sink or behind the toilet). When the tank is full, an automatic device turns on a small submersible pump with a cutting mechanism, which pumps wastewater into sewer drain connected to a septic tank.

Heating supply of the hotel

Arrangement of an autonomous heating system not so important for seasonal boarding houses in seaside resorts, however, for year-round hotels this is an urgent need. Interestingly, even if it is possible to connect to centralized heating networks, hotel owners often prefer to invest in a device specifically autonomous system. The reason for this is simple - thanks to the use of modern highly efficient equipment, the operation of an independent mini-boiler house is much cheaper than paying for centralized heat at ever-increasing rates.

The main elements of an autonomous heat supply system are a heating boiler, an air supply system and a system for removing combustion products, a circulation pump, pipelines and fittings (shut-off valves, fittings, etc.), as well as radiators or convectors. Electric heating systems that have appeared in recent years are too expensive to operate, so they cannot be considered as a real alternative. traditional solutions on the basis of a mini-boiler.

When choosing the most preferred type of fuel for the boiler, it is worth noting that if the hotel is connected to the main gas pipeline, then a gas boiler will be the most rational option. If there is no mains nearby, then the option of supplying the boiler with gas from cylinders is possible. However, there are many regions where diesel fuel is more affordable than gas. Then you should prefer a liquid fuel boiler. True, it will be necessary to solve the problem of storing large volumes of diesel fuel - on winter period a small hotel may require several tons of fuel.

Calculation required power the boiler is produced depending on the total area of the hotel and the climatic conditions of the area. To know the most exact value heat demand, you will have to take into account the thermal resistance of the building envelope and the temperature of the coldest five-day period of the year. But for a rough estimate, we can assume that for heating 10 square meters. m of building area requires 1 kW of heat generator power. That is, for a small hotel of 1000 sq. m will be enough heating boiler with a capacity of 100 kW.

It is estimated that the heat supply system operates at full capacity for no more than 20% of the entire heating period. So the owner has the opportunity to optimize the cost of heating equipment and fuel. For example, for heating a hotel of 1000 sq. m, you can install one RENDAMAX condensing boiler (MTS Group) with a capacity of 100 kW. Thanks to the modulating burner, it can reduce power up to 20% of the nominal, for example, during thaws.

But you can go the other way: install, for example, four GENUS boilers from ARISTON with a capacity of 25 kW each, combining them into a cascade. These "intelligent" weather-controlled heat generators (using external temperature sensors) will switch on sequentially when the demand for heat increases. And in the most severe frosts, all boilers in the cascade will work at full capacity. Fuel savings with this type of connection will be very significant - and not at all to the detriment of the comfort of the guests.

When choosing the type of heating devices, it is worth considering that cast iron radiators can not be called optimal for hotel rooms. Their high thermal inertness does not allow to effectively regulate the temperature in the premises. Best Option there will be steel (for example, the Swiss manufacturer Zehnder) or aluminum radiators (for example, the Italian Faral) with excellent heat dissipation and high controllability.

To optimize the heat consumption of all heating appliances, it is also useful to have thermostats (for example, from Danfoss). Guests themselves can set a comfortable for them temperature regime in the room, and the supply of heat to those rooms that are in this moment not used can be reduced to a minimum.

Hot water supply

It is unlikely that a hotel will be able to claim the attention of tourists if it has problems with the availability of hot water. This applies even to private boarding houses in seaside resorts, where the most seemingly undemanding Russians have a rest.

The task of supplying a hotel with hot water can be solved in several ways - depending on the number of rooms and the availability of a kitchen, laundry, etc. For seasonal mini-hotels that operate several warm months a year, the easiest way is to supply each point of analysis with a personal electric or gas water heater.

However, for year-round hotels, such a “budget” option is far from the most optimal in terms of operating costs. It would be much more practical to install one large electric or gas boiler (storage water heater), which will supply hot water to all points of analysis. After heating the water to the set temperature, the device will automatically maintain it at the level set by the user. Typically, modern water heaters are well insulated to reduce energy consumption.

It is also useful to know how many hot water points will work simultaneously (for example, to take a hot shower, you need up to 8 liters of hot water per minute), as well as how much hot water is required by the service infrastructure (restaurant / cafe, laundry, etc.) .). In any case, the capacity of the boiler should be chosen at least 200 liters. This volume is enough to cope with peak loads in the morning and evening hours. By the way, a very convenient option that allows you to reduce energy consumption for heating water is to use a weekly programmer to control the boiler. For example, this can be configured gas boilers NHRE series manufactured by ARISTON with continuous flow of hot water (65oC) from 320 l/h. If there is no hot water drawdown within the next few hours, the appliance will not use energy to maintain the temperature in the tank at all times (for example, at night).

An interesting solution for hotels located in southern regions of our country are solar collectors. Such systems, which help to save on hot water supply, have already become very widespread in Southern Europe and on the Mediterranean coast - both in private houses and in hotels, and now they are increasingly being used in our Kuban. Even in the Beijing Olympic Village, which is currently under construction, buildings are supplied with solar collectors (Elco panels from MTS Group will be used there).

One of the advantages modern collectors is the ability to work with scattered solar radiation. As a result, even on a cloudy day, the solar panel is able to heat water. It is estimated that for at least 6 months a year such systems can make a significant contribution to energy savings.

The design of the collector is a flat box with a transparent top panel through which the sun's rays pass. It contains a heat exchanger through which the coolant circulates. On the roof, next to the solar collector panel, a storage tank is installed, the capacity of which is selected based on the need for hot water. The circulation pump drives water through the collector, ensuring efficient heat exchange.

The heated water can be directly distributed to the tapping points. But such a solar system can be duplicated by a traditional heat source. In this case, a storage tank with two heat exchangers (for example, an indirect heating boiler BS2S manufactured by ARISTON) is installed in the system, one of which is connected to the solar collector, and the other to the heating circuit of the heating boiler.

While the sun is shining, the circulation pump of the solar collector is running. When sunlight not enough for heating, the heating boiler maintains an acceptable water temperature in the storage tank.

Such a scheme is good because it makes maximum use of solar heat and at the same time provides independence from the whims of the weather. As practice shows, with the help of such a system, you can save from 30 to 80% of the energy spent on hot water supply, depending on local climatic features. According to estimates, this system pays off in 5-10 years (with a service life of 30-50 years).

There are no trifles for the success of a small hotel business, and any minor nuance can be decisive. Guests will not put up with cold or lack of hot water and will prefer a more comfortable hotel, albeit at a higher price. Therefore, the device engineering systems building owners have to pay exceptional attention. They should not only provide comfort for tourists, but also be inexpensive to operate. Modern autonomous solutions based on high-tech reliable equipment in this sense are the most optimal investment.

ARISTON press service